The Law on European Construction Projects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2785 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Building Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Assignment 3 the legal principles and requirements used when undertaking construction projects in Europe Project Outline For the purpose of this assignment, the company that I have chosen will be preparing to buy a piece of land in the north of France and build houses upon it. The land already bares a barn and is from a private owner. The processes to buy, plan and develop the project will be described and compared to the system adopted by the UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law on European Construction Projects" essay for you Create order The intension is to sell the property for profit. The limited company is a medium size construction firm expanding its operating range to the north of France due to an irresistible opportunity. Contracts and ownership In France there are two types of contract available to buy real property. They are classified as: Promesse de Vente and Compremis de Vente (french-property.com, 2014)Promesse de Vente is a type of contract, offering the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"option to buyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can only pass through a notaire where as a Compremis de Vente can be used without the overview of a notaire, from party to party. The obvious difference here is the Promesse de Vente has a safer image of protection, being passed through the notaire. Notaires or estate agents often have their own contracts that can be biased to one of the involved parties. The details of the contract are sewn into the clauses of the contracts. The Promesse UnilatÃÆ' ©rale de Vente means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unilate ral promise saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ implying the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dedication to the transfer of the price agreed. 10% deposit is usually taken and mortgages are paid to handle the remaining 90%. Property contracts have a 7 day cool down time after signatures where the offer can be retracted however the sale is final after this 7 day period. Within a contract there should be an adjustment clause stating; the buyer can execute the contract if the seller changes decision, (french-property.com, 2014). If the contract hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t got this clause and the seller changes decision, the buyer may only claim for damages. Most buyers wishing to develop the land chose a Promesse de Vente, which is the similar process to that in the UK. In The UK sales contract documents are transferred through third party who keep them in escrow. The third party, usually solicitors, collect the deposit of 10-15% to hold down and freeze a property. If the contracts are legitimate and both par ties show the 5 basic elements of an agreement: offer, acceptance, consideration, intention, and capacity; a date will be arranged for completion. It is completion day when the money (consideration) is transferred, as are the keys and the deeds. The buyer is advised to register the property with the land registry in order to have the land in their name. This means that the responsibilities and rights to the land are transferred to the new custodian. The reason land registry exists is to find the limits of and quantifies the estate to be registered. The registration outlines the benefits and burdens of the land and assets. In the UK land is fundamentally held subject to the crown however, there are two main types of ownership in the UK: freehold and leasehold. Freehold is the absolute outright ownership of the land and property for an unlimited amount of time. Lease hold is more complicated. It involves a landlord, who has a freehold, leasing the land and/or property to a lesse e. This creates a landlord and tenant situation with an agreed time span, usually ranging from 99 to 1000 years (Price, 2014). This acts as, theoretically, a temporary right to occupy the property. Sometimes, UK property leases will have attached restrictions and entitlements that may not be initially clear. Covenants are effectively special terms within the contract that are respectful of the land/buildings. These terms could become problematic and disputes usually occur. The main disputes are over what the tenant actually repairs and the severity of the repairs that are needed. Any disputes are usually referred to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. A property owner doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to give a tenant full rights, a licence to the land can be issued. These rights to the land would be less of that to a full tenure and can be revoked at any time for any reason. Property may also come with Easements attached that can allow the occupier to use the land for a particular reason, including business, or restrict another land owner the right to something. These include; a right of way, a right to a mineral or element and even the right to light. Easements are classified by the Ellenborough Park 1954 case as 4 features, to have a dominant and servient party, to be benefitting the dominant party and to be similar to existing easements. Otherwise a dispute may occur which could be resolved by referring to the Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1966. For this project however a company would be buying the land with intent to develop. A company in France would create a SCI (SociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © Civile ImmobiliÃÆ' ¨re), a satellite company, that would be fiscally transparent and this facilitates a stable ownership and transfer of the property. It acts in a similar way to a limited company and offers the same amount of protection. Operating a SCI also avoids inheritance laws, gives minor tax advantages and protects personal assets against cr editors. So the obvious advantage of this is fiscal, however rights and responsibilities are limited to that of a company and personal responsibility in minimised. (french-property.com/companyownership, 2014) Planning of projects France: When planning a project in France a regulation body that must be referred to is the Les dispositions impÃÆ' ©ratives du rÃÆ' ¨glement national dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢urbanisme (RNU) which translates as the National development regulations. These govern any developments to the property. Initially the Mayor (Marie) of the local area council will have to be notified and with full discretion may give the nod of approval, a formal submission to the RNU will be written. Formal planning consent will be needed if Change of use, habitable space (1.8m or more in height) and changes to the faÃÆ' §ade of a property. The restrictions in planning that are EU influenced are more legislation based, as with UK panning restrictions to disruption, structural tolerances, material choice and demolition All of which are Governed by the EU through standards. In only October 2012, UK transferred all British standards and approved practices to European Standards and practices. Most EU planning systems are similar with a local council decision followed by an assessment of national statutory obligations and requirements. The national requirements will be mostly similar as they are governed by the EU policies on housing such as the Thematic Strategy on the Urban Envirnonment. UK: The main reason the UK uses the Town and Country planning act 1990 is to monitor developments and evolution of land. Section 55 underlines this perfectly as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The carrying out of engineering mining building or other operations in, on or over the land, or the making of any material changes in the use of any building or other landà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Galbraith, 6th Edition 2011). When a design has been finalised it is presented to the local council plan ning institution and a decision is received within 8 weeks, 13 weeks for a large scale projects (due to the detail). The planning framework is laid out as stated in the Planning Act 2008 and decisions are made with Neighbourhood interest, material choice and the support and promotion of EU obligations and statutory requirements (DPLG, 2012). The public, by law, have to be notified of the plans and are not encouraged to scrutinise but to comment. There are 4 possible decisions that planning control can make: Unconditional permission of approval, conditional permission, Refusal of permission, refusal to take action. The most common are approval or refusal of permission. As the Company in question would be buying an empty plot with one small barn/shed with all building works to be done in the future, a long and strenuous planning process will inherently occur. The Marie will be consulted and proof of contributions must be shown to explain why a development would be beneficial to the area. This project would be restricted by the Local Councils discretionary decision and further more the nation legislation, with EU Influences and requirements such as materials, human rights living spaces and conditions, environmental policies etc. In the Design stages of the project, an architect will be consulted. Qualified architects in France are members of the là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ordres de Architectes, which is an organisation similar to that of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). This is obligatory if the Building is above 170m ² (Architects in France, 2014). It is common procedure to write a standard contract between the Owner and architect, this called a contrat maÃÆ' ®tre dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢oeuvreorcontrat dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢architecte. The Architects in France, to be a member of the là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ordres de Architectes, will have professional indemnity insurance and their work is guaranteed for 10 years against major p roblems, this is called an assurance dÃÆ' ©cennal. If the planning of the project is refused on an architectural issue then the Architect is not legally entitled to be paid. Construction France The Parties involved in a French construction project are generally; Contractors that govern the general construction works and procedures. Architects are the fundamental designers and the customer contact reference for the project. On larger scale projects, health and safety co-ordinators (coordonnateur de sÃÆ' ©curitÃÆ' © et de protection de la santÃÆ' ©) are present to control risks of the project. And the owner (maÃÆ' ®tre douvrage) who develops the property. An owner may wish to enter an agreement or contract with a developer called a contrat de promotion immobiliÃÆ' ¨re that defines a final price and programme for the project. The owner may then wish to give the contract under a competitive basis to a contractor; this is a traditional method of contracting. An alternative is a design and Build contract, the contractor undertakes the overall architectural and construction works and has full liability for the project, as opposed to the traditional method where part liability is retained by the contractor. If the project is substantially sized then a form of temporary commercial organisation can be formed called a groupement momentanÃÆ' © dentreprises, which is made of two types of company relationship; a groupment solidaire that shares the liability between all contractors, and a sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © en participation that is an unregistered company thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s set up by a share holders agreement. Financial inves tors of the project also hold rights to step in to control the project if momentum is lost or contractors do not fulfil their obligations. If a contractor doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fulfil their obligations then a breach in the contract will occur unless liability exclusion clauses in the contract, that relieve liability, have been included. Some obligations that cannot be included arefound in the Articles 1792 and Code Civil), which require three statutory guarantees to be provided by the contractor for events occurring after delivery: garantie de parfait achÃÆ' ¨vement: this imposes an obligation on the contractor to make good any defect notified to him by the owner at the time of delivery or within one year of the date of delivery, whatever the nature or extent of the defect; garantie de bon fonctionnement: this two-year guarantee affects all equipment that does not form part of the structure of the building but which could be considered movable, for example, ventilation or heating equipment. The contractor guarantees these elements are viable and do not impair the constructions main use; responsabilitÃÆ' © dÃÆ' ©cennale: all contractors are strictly liable to the owner or buyer for ten years after delivery, for any defect hidden at the time of delivery that either compromises the integrity of the construction or renders it unfit for use. (Bonnard, 2014) In France, EU member workers are permitted to work and follow standard employment procedure where as workers from other nations will have to apply for a temporary residency permit to work , a carte de sÃÆ' ©jour temporaire. Health and safety for French projects are controlled with European Economic Community regulations, the Directive 89/391/EEC implements the safety and health at work for construction employees. UK In the UK, construction projects can be governed and controlled by Construction Design Management regulations 2007 (CDM). CDM regs 2007 are generally implemented for Health and safety reasons however it is a reasonable procedure to follow. The client of the project should: Check competence and resources of all appointees Ensure there are suitable management arrangements for the project welfare facilities Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages Provide pre-construction information to designers and contractors When a Contractor is chosen, a common form of two-way construction contract is chosen, there are many available and take a standard form structure. A common form is the JCT or Joint Contracts Tribunal. Specifically designed for the construction industry, it is a proven contractual way to identify responsibilities and liabilities. The design and build JCT contracts are useful as they provide a client to contractor agreement and a contractor to sub-contractor agreement. The contractors are responsible for the design and construction works and the client is responsible for laying out all requirements for a project. Alternatively contractors may often have the Architect work directly for the client, rather than sub-contracting them. All communications between the contractors and Architects can be uninterrupted by clients, however due to the payment method the contractor hands all design liability for the project to the architect. Project The French Project could involve the bu ilding of social housing or a public commercial (schools, etc), both of which may involve council or pubic partnerships, with the private company. These partnerships are called Public Private Partnerships, or PPPs. The 3 main forms the PPP may take are; Traditional contractors arrangements where contracts are honoured and handed over Long term administrative leases, between contractors and councils to occupy for a limited time Social or government run contract partnership where the maintenance and repair work is managed by a public sector organisation. (Bonnard, 2014) For this project, a traditional contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agreement is appropriate. Architects, health and safety co-ordinators and a developer would be hired. This is a good idea as a design and build contract would be agreed upon, handing all liability of the project to the developer for the oncoming works. The developer would have to be a member of the FÃÆ' ©dÃÆ' ©ration FranÃÆ' §aise du BÃÆ' ¢timent (FFB) translated as French Building Federation. This organisation works closely with the European Construction Industry Federation. Completion France When a project has been completed, the Contractor has 30 days to submit a project completion form (DÃÆ' ©claration attestant lachÃÆ' ¨vement et la conformitÃÆ' © des travaux). The form is entered to the local council, usually with the Architects signature and reflects the building works and design that were present in the approved planning application. Any changes that have occurred must be authorised befo re the completion form is handed in. The local authorities can intrude and assess the building works at any time through the project and after completion, the authorities can inspect the project for its conformity to the original plan. Without the completion declaration form, the client can be fined or the building can be returned to its original state if it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t conform to the original planning documents. This puts the client under pressure to receive the completion declaration form from the contractor as soon as possible. UK In the UK practical completion is a fundamental stage for the contractor, this relieves immediate responsibility for the project. There are usually clauses in the initial contract that state that defects and repairs must be remedied until a certain time after the project. The client then usually takes over the works and responsibilities of the works, defects liability period begins and the responsibilities of damage are now passed to the client. The Jarvis and Sons v Westminster corp case states that Practical completion is finishing of all construction works to be done. project Works Cited Architects in France. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from French-property.com: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/building/new-build/architect/contracts/ Bonnard, S. (2014). Construction in France. Retrieved 2014, from Uk Practical law: https://uk.practicallaw.com/8-502-1461?service=construction# DPLG. (2012). National planning policy framework. London: Department of Planning and Local Governments. french-property.com. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from Sale and purchase contract of property in france: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/purchase-real-estate/legal/agreement/ french-property.com/companyownership. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from French property Company ownership: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/purchase-real-estate/legal/company/ Galbraith, A. (6th Edition 2011). Building and Land Management for Law. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. Price, M. (2014). Whats the difference between leashold and freehold. Retrieved 2014, from mypropertyguide.co. uk: https://www.mypropertyguide.co.uk/articles/display/10106/what-is-the-difference-between-leasehold-and-freehold.htm

Police Management Methods Essay - 660 Words

Traditional methods of police management emerged from two sources: a militaristic view of policing, and management. In this model the chain of command has strict supervision, tight control, limited officer discretion, and thick bureaucratic regulations. Traditional policing enforces laws to the public as well as to working with the community. It focuses on rapid response times to crime as the way to measure police success. Identifying, apprehending, and prosecuting criminals is the focus and seems logical. The thought held that evidence at the crime scene would lead to an arrest. A major component to this model is local control. Scientific management has a focus on efficiently, orderliness, and output. This is considered the â€Å"machine†¦show more content†¦There are two major principles within this model. The first one states that the manager is allowed to set a limit within what group makes certain decisions. The second one states that the manager and the group both are allowed to make certain decisions within a certain limit defined by organizational constraints (Proactive Police Management, 1985). The group will view the police manager as he or she is equal to the manager. In the behavioral and systems managerial model, these two have the most effective impact. Systems management requires a holistic approach to organizational leadership, which involves not only management of personnel, but also of organizational knowledge. A systems approach to management recognizes the complexity of modern organizational processes. In this perspective, organizations function based on the information and data that employees can access. A successful agency must properly manage all of these elements. Features of systems management include specialization within components of a larger system and coordination among different components. In the behavioral model there are three main components. 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Disruptive Innovation Free Essays

1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on Disruptive Innovation using Clayton Christensen’s framework. Apart from this, this assignment also tells how the companies should react to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Innovation There is no specific definition for innovation as such. But, according to me, innovation is creating something new or changing the old to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increasing customer demands. This is achieved either by introducing new products, new ideas, and processes or just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating and creating new products and services has become very important topic of concern for all the organizations in today’s rapidly changing world. If you are not innovative, you may never know when your products become obsolete. 1. 2 Types of Innovation There are three main types of Innovations: Sustaining innovation: This type of innovation needs to be developed to ensure that the customers are satisfied with the products and services and to stay in the game. For example upgrading the processor from dual core to Intel core i3 to i5 and enhancing the performance of computers. Breakthrough Innovations: These innovations upgrade the level of existing category of products or services. For example I phone was a breakthrough innovation in the world of mobile market. It changed the perspective of the customers and eventually other companies started following the trend. Disruptive Innovation: In this type of innovation a new product or a sevice is introduced that creates a new market or massively alters an old one so that old players cannot compete. They are called disruptive because they disrupt the current behavior of the market. For example Introduction of computers was a disruptive innovation for companies who manufactured typewriters. According to Clayton Christensen Disruptive innovation offers lower performance initially as per the current market demand. But, at the same time it provides some new attributes which prosper in some different market. After conquering different markets, it eventually displaces the former market. Here we will talk about the hydrogen fuel Cell vehicle a disruptive innovation. How the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will disrupt the market for oil industry, current internal combustion engine manufacturers and many others. At the same time we shall talk about how the companies are responding to this upcoming technology and how are they coping up with the new technology. Before going into the statistic part let us know in brief how the hydrogen fuel cell works, how it is different from internal combustion engine and what the benefits of hydrogen fuel cell are. 2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell a disruptive Innovation A fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It uses hydrogen and oxygen from air to produce electricity. Since no combustion is involved, it does not emit harmful gases and the efficiency of such device is much higher than an internal combustion engine. Apart from this it does not involve any moving part hence making it more silent and reliable source of energy. 2. 1 Working Hydrogen fuel cell consists of two catalysts anode and cathode, and an electrolyte. Hydrogen is fed to anode and oxygen from air is fed to cathode. At anode, catalyst causes hydrogen to split into positively charged ions protons and negatively charged ions electrons. The electrolyte, that is polymer electrolyte membrane allows only positive ion to flow through it. So the protons pass through membrane towards cathode and electrons pass through the external circuit towards the cathode. The flow of electron from the external circuit causes the current and eventually it goes to cathode and combines with positive ion and oxygen to emit water or water vapor. Hydrogen is is a fuel of great potential. Thought it is not an energy source, but it is an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be manufactured using renewable energy resources such as wind, solar etc. the research is still on on how to produce hydrogen on a larger scale. Following Figure show the working of a hydrogen Fuel Cell. Figure 1: Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 2. 2 Benefits of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Following are the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell Zero green house gas Emissions: As water is the byproduct of the fuel cell, the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur monoxide, etc is not there. Hence, it is a zero emission product. Though some amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but research is on to manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution: As there are no harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution will be reduced considerably. Improved efficiency: Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A conventional combustion egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and has the potential to reach 85%. Other Benefits: the transportation will be oil independent, since there are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2. 3 Applications Fuel cells have wide range of applications. Following are the applications of a fuel cell: Transportation system: currently oil industry and internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping environment and diminishing resources of fuel in mind it is predicted that by 2025 – 2030, hydrogen fuel cell will dominate the transportation sector. Power Generation: Fuel cell can also be used to generate power. It can be stationary power or a portable power. 2. 4 Challenges Following are the challenges that a fuel cell faces today: Cost: Cost of a fuel cell is a major concern right now. Due to expensive materials like platinum is used as a catalyst, the cost of fuel cell shoots up. but the research is on and it is most likely that the cost of a fuel cell will come down to $30 – $50/KW for transportation and $1500/KW for stationery power. Storage: Storage of hydrogen is again another concern especially for the transportation system since it has very low density in terms of volume. Research in this area is also going on to store the hydrogen fuel at high pressure. Infrastructure: Again to develop infrastructure for hydrogen is a big challenge cost wise. To develop infrastructure a collaboration will be required between automotive and energy companies. Other challenges include the safety issues to carry hydrogen, Durability of the fuel cell and public acceptance. But research I going on in all the areas and there will definitely be a solution to all the challenges. 3 Clayton Christensen’s Theory of disruptive technology Christensen developed a framework that could be applied to any market at any point of time so long as the attributes to be measured qualify for the characteristics presented in his framework. According to Christensen, companies fail because of the following reasons: Companies depend on customers and investors for resources: if the company doesn’t satisfy the customers or the shareholders, it will be difficult for the company to survive Small market cannot provide the growth needed by large companies: Large companies concentrate their efforts where the returns are high and often concentrate where the cost of sales is high. Technology supply exceeds the demand: Rapidly developing technology may often outpace the customer’s needs. When such thing happens opportunity for new entrants develop to enter into the market and come with a new product. Companies with best technology tend to improve the existing product often incrementally. And while focusing on the top end customers, a lower end market remains unserved until a new entrant comes with a potentially disruptive technology. And eventually new market begins to grow. And once this new market starts gaining the footage, it causes the existing technology to become obsolete. Following graph will help us understand Christensens framework more clearly. Figure 2: Clayton Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology The market is always divided into tiers the higher end market that represents the main customers who buy the product and the lower end market represents the customers who are least to buy the products. And performance is the main criteria by which customers buy the product. Sustaining innovation: As explained earlier, it could be incremental or radical that improves product performance for the main customers. The focus is mainly on improving the performance of the existing products and satisfying the main customers. Disruptive Innovation: It enters in the lower tier of the market with lower cost and attractive value for the lower market customers. Following are the charecteristics of a disruptive technology. * Offers low performance * Targets small market * It is tied with uncertainties * It introduces a new performance criteria in a new dimension * Generally non market leaders introduce such new products in a lower tier market with attributes to benefit lower end market. Moving back to the graph on Christensen’s framework for disruptive innovation, disruptive technology with an innovation enters at point ‘a’ with a lower rate for lower end market. At the same time market leaders are improvising their product using sustaining technologies and satisfying the mainline customers. And when the sustaining technology reaches point ‘b’, it is the peak time for the sustaining technology and after that the market gets saturated. This is the time when the market leaders need to innovate something new and create the new market. After point ‘b’, supply crosses demand. On the other hand, disruptive innovation enters at point ‘a’ satisfies the lower end customers and after improvising it reaches point ‘c’ the main stream customers. At point ‘c’ now, it is very late for sustaining technology to develop a new product for the main stream customers. Here it is very important to distinguish between different types of innovation. Incremental innovation occurs when small improvements are made to products/services. These, basically strengthens the market position of the firm and entrenches the industry. Radical Innovation occurs when major improvements are made to the products/services. These changes require new marketing channels and often put other firms out of competition and at the same time make old technologies obsolete. Transformational innovation occurs when the innovation is of such a nature that it destroys whole industry and changes the nature of the market. So if we have to summarize Christensen’s framework it would be, as the sustaining technology improves along the mainstream customer, disruptive technology enters at the lower end market, improvises along the existing dimensions and enters the main stream market. It eventually changes the basis of the competition from functionality to reliability and from reliability to convenience and eventually to price. Now, let’s apply this Christensen’s framework to today’s automotive world that is internal combustion engine as the sustaining technology and the hydrogen fuel cell as the disruptive technology. 3. 1 Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology with the Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology Let us compare the performance of fuel economy and green house gas emissions of internal combustion engine and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. From the graph, we can agree that internal combustion engine is a sustaining technology incrementally improving its performance. Initially let’s say in 1980’s the fuel economy of a vehicle was around 4-6 km/l of gasoline and now it is around 12-15 km/l. green house gas emissions have also reduced by introducing hybrid option. But it is predicted that internal combustion engine will reach the point ‘b’ somewhere by 2015. That is it will reach the saturation level of innovation. Further development in internal combustion engine will result in more of supply than demand. This is the time when people will anticipate the change, and the change of disruptive technology in our case it is hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Initially it keeps emerging and improves the performance in new dimension and tries to attract the main market stream. During the time emergence hydrogen fuel cell through experimentation seeks commercialization. And it is predicted by 2020 it will seek commercialization. Meanwhile, the internal combustion engine will steadily grow beyond the customer demand and will start losing its hold in the main market. In 2020, at point ‘c’, the market is ready to accept high performance vehicle, in terms of fuel economy. And beyond this point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle keeps on improving rapidly. This will eventually bring the phase out of an internal combustion engine and forcing it out of the market by 2030 – 2040 completely and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle becoming the base technology. Beyond this it will improve incrementally until the new disruptive comes and phase out the hydrogen fuel cell technology. Green House Gas Emission Global warming is one of the prime reasons fro shifting the paradigm from internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Following graph shows the global warming potential of gasoline, flex fuels and hydrogen fuel cell in various stages from manufacturing to the end of life of a vehicle. Figure 3: Global Warming potential comparison of 3 different types of Engine. It is clear from the graph global warming potential that is emission of harmful gases from a fuel cell vehicle is less than a gasoline and the flex fuel vehicle. From the graph, it is seen that only while production for the fuel of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the emission of harmful gases is high, but it is very less compared to the gasoline and flex fuels. Apart from that, research is also going on for producing hydrogen using renewably resources such as wind, solar and nuclear. 3. 2 Conclusion It is evident that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a disruptive technology and will cause a phase out for the internal combustion engine. But when we compare it to the Christensen’s framework, it slightly contradicts. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in literal sense are not targeting the lower market initially. The cost of the product is not low. But all other parameters remain the same. It is focusing on the new dimension and at the same time it is threat to the internal combustion engine world. Apart from this slight difference, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is definitely a disruptive innovation, and will definitely lead to transformation of technologies and will change the basis of competition from fuel economy to green house gas reductions with the environmental pressure. 4 Current Scenario If we talk about hydrogen fuel cell in today’s world, it is still an emerging technology which looks solid and promising in terms of fuel economy and reduction in green house gas emission. Research in this particular area is going on all around the world since the global warming level is increasing and the environmental pressure is acting on all the governments. In this scenario, the companies who are already into research in this area will survive and the companies that are still not doing any kind of research or innovation and still trying to improve the sustaining technology might just phase out of the competition. Further we will see cases and findings of various companies in this area including oil industry, automotive industry and the industries related to this huge sector of industries. 4. 1 Oil Industry: Today, the energy sector is run majorly by oil industry. And majorly oil after refining is consumed by transportation industry. Around 90%of the oil is consumed by the transportation industry, and out of that around 50% of the industry consumes gasoline and the rest is diesel, LPG, Naphtha etc. Major players in this oil industry today are Saudi aramco, shell, BP, Exxon Mobil and chevron. Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)is the major producer of the oil today and has the maximum exports all over the world, then it is followed by other companies. Apart from green house gas emissions and environmental pressure, the increasing rate of oil so frequently gives us an idea that even the oil reserves are diminishing day by day. Now increasing research and development in this area poses threat on oil industry as well. Even the oil industries have started doing research in this area. Basically these companies are doing research on how to produce hydrogen using the existing technologies in large scale. Following are some of the findings of the oil companies in this area. 4. 1. 1 Saudi Aramco (Source: http://www. keei. re. kr/keei/download/seminar/101117/II101118_b02. pdf, www. saudiaramco. com, www. mbifoundation. com/media/18961/final%20bpr. pdf) Following are some of the conclusion made by research and development department of Saudi Aramco. : * H2 production using existing petroleum infrastructure will be a potential economical option compared to other technologies. * Need to integrate the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies along with hydrogen production for efficient carbon management. Alternate hydrogen production technologies, such as electrolysis and renewable sources, have significant technical and economical challenges (energy intensive and high capital). * Significant progress made in the demonstration of liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Apart from this, Saudi Aramco has also filed a patent in US office for the naphtha based fuels which can also be used for veh icular purpose. 4. 1. 2 Shell ( Source: http://www. shell. com/home/content/environment_society/environment/climate_change/biofuels_alternative_energies_transport/hydrogen/, http://articles. atimes. com and http://www. thelivingmoon. com/41pegasus/02files/Alternate_Fuel_Shell_Oil_Hydrogen. html) Shell had started its research on this topic since 1999 and had anticipated the change in the world of automotive industry and power sector long back. Shell has joined hands with the leading car making companies and power companies and working on this project. Shell is already working in collaboration with Siemens, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler and has reached a long way in this area. It has also opened various hydrogen fuel stations in United States of America, Europe and Asia. And it is offering free fillips at various fueling station just to promote the upcoming technology. Following picture is one of the fueling station in United States of America where hydrogen fueling is provided. Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel Station by Shell 4. 1. 3 BP: (Source: http://www. bp. com) Like Shell, BP is also one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. As one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. Apart from this BP has joined hands with the leading companies like Daimler Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Solarex and working on various projects like fuel efficiency, CO2 management, Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Apart from the companies all these companies also join their hands with various Universities who help the in doing their research. 4. 1. 4 Exxon Mobil: (Source: http://www. exxonmobil. com, http://www. dutchdailynews. com/air-products-and-exxonmobil-start-up-new-world-scale-hydrogen-production-plant-in-rotterdam/) Exxon Mobil again is not left ehind in the research of hydrogen fuel cell and the production of hydrogen on a large scale. Following are some of the research that Exxon Mobil is working on * It is conducting breakthrough research on Hydrogen Production Technology * It is also trying to improve its existing technology at the same time by continuously improving the efficiency of internal combustion engine and reducing the emission of harmful gases. * On 10th F eb 2012 Air products and Exxon Mobil started a large scale Hydrogen Production Plant in Rotterdam. Apart from this, ExxonMobil is also developing an innovative on-board hydrogen-powered fuel cell system that converts conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel into hydrogen for a fuel cell right under a vehicle’s hood. Apart from this there are various other small industries that are into this hydrogen fuel cell research for example Reliance from India is also doing its bit in this area. 4. 2 Automotive Industry We have seen the response and reaction of oil Industry so far, Now let us see the response of automotive industry worldwide. We shall go country wise in this case to know the response of various industries and development in various countries in this specific area. 4. 2. 1 United States Of America: United States of America is spending millions of dollars every year in the research of hydrogen fuel Cell. They have demonstrations with many private companies. Daimler Chrysler Company developed its first fuel cell truck in 2000. The main aim of USA is to make Fuel Cell Vehicle available at an affordable cost. General Motors: General motors one of the oldest companies of USA is planning to get 1000 fuel cell vehicles on road by 2013-2015. Ford Motor Company: Ford is also planning to launch its commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2015. 4. 2. 2 Japan: One can say Japan is the very first to start the research in this area and it is since 1981. It was in Japan in Tokyo electric Company, Toshiba and an American based company fuel cell company manufactured and installed an 11 MW power plant (Source: www. platinummetalsreview. com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-010-012. pdf). Apart from this the major Japanese automotive companies look promising in terms of Hydrogen uel cell vehicle compared to other companies in the world. Toyota: Toyota has promised in its recent Autocar show that it will start selling the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in USA specifically in California, since by 2015 it is predicted that there will be 68 hydrogen fueling stations in California. (Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Honda: CEO Takanobu Ito just annou nced that Honda will launch a new fuel-cell electric car in the U. S. and Europe starting in 2015. It will â€Å"showcase further technological advancement and significant cost reduction. † Honda has already been letting consumers test its fleet of FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell cars for a couple of years (Source: http://www. firstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) Nissan: Nissan has also announced its interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and has declared that it is ready to mass produce hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2015 (Source: http://www. irstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) 4. 2. 3 Europe: Europe is not left behind in this research. All the major brands BMW, Mercedes Volkswagen etc have shown interest in hydrogen fuel cell, but at the same time have said hydrogen fuel cell will take at least 10 more years to commercialize. 4. 2. 4 India: India is the place where we can say Christensen’s framework is applicable perfectly. He re the auto rickshaw for the lower end market has been made using hydrogen fuel cell. t was displayed at pragati maidan in January 2012 and is expected to hit the road by 2015. Source: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/10/02/business/energy-environment/hydrogen-fuels-autorickshaws-and-dreams-of-cleaner-air. html? pagewanted=all_r=0) Apart from this biggies like TATA Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra have shown interest in this area. Tata Motors have manufactured the bus based on hydrogen fuel cell technology known as starbus. Following figure shows the Auto Rickshaw and the Hydrogen fuel cell Bus Figure 5: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in india Following are some of the comments from various high profile executives from various companies: * Executives from Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen see fuel-cell vehicles as being further out, and most have not said when they’ll have vehicles on the market. * â€Å"We don’t see it as early as Toyota does,† said Oliver Schmidt, general manager of engineering with the VW Group. â€Å"We see it in the 2020 time frame. * Joe Bakaj, Ford vice president of powertrain engineering, said, â€Å"The question is when (will) fuel-cell vehicles become affordable to customers,† specifically when the fuel-cell stack competes with the battery pack on cost. * â€Å"Within 10 years, I think they will be as affordable as full battery vehicles, and the fuel cell will have a big advantage in range,† Bakaj said. â€Å"We think it will happen in the next 10 years. † * Gary Smyth, GM executive director work ing on global research and development, said he sees little commitment in the U. S. to the necessary infrastructure by 2015. Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Part from all this various other countries and companies have shown immense amount of interest in hydrogen fuel cell Recently Korea and Korean company Hyundai has also announced an hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch by 2015. So the major companies all around the world and the allied companies are responding really well to the upcoming technology of hydrogen fuel cell and all of them are doing their bit to save the environment. 5 Conclusion: It is very clear from the above assignment that hydrogen fuel cell is the future of the world. It is definitely one of the biggest disruptive technologies of all time. Biggest because, once the technology is commercialized, many big players all around the world will have to change their base of technology. Technology innovation and upcoming technologies are posing threat on the current industry and are eventually forcing companies out of business. New technologies are exerting power to shape the market and change the basis of the competition. Hence, it is important for the companies to continuously assess the technologies and capabilities. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Essay examples Disruptive Innovation Free Essays In order to remain afloat in this ever changing market, companies must have a sound proof strategy. According to Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland, a company’s strategy is its action plan for outperforming its competitors and achieving superior profitability. (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland p. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4) One well known strategy or theory of many companies is a term called disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen. It explains the process of a product or service preliminary application initiating from the bottom of the market that replaces an already established product or service. This theory has created a significant impact on management practices in all types of industries. It has created debates of how â€Å"executives and managers are in need of research that will elevate the pursuit of successful innovations from a gut-level, intuition-driven art to something more closely resembling a science based on repeatable processes with predictable results.† (Raynor, p. 27) In doing so, it has also created a sense of conflict between entrants, incumbents and disrupters to see which organization will remain the top supplier. Innovation is always on the top mind for all CEOs. Understanding how to identify disruptive innovations before they become mainstream and take advantage of the ‘†white space† is a skill to cultivate. Disruptive Innovation patterns are always changing and sometimes are very difficult to see because of it’s rapid growth. Similarities; Raynor: Disruption theory can be used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions. As of now the disruption theory of innovation is the only one with evidence to support the assertion that it can improve predictive accuracy. 1. Used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions 2. a particular perspective on innovation – is based on its superior explanatory and predictive power 3. entrants attacked successful incumbents by adopting the incumbents’ models and technological solutions – what he called a â€Å"sustaining† strategy-they tended to fail. However, driven by their desire to grow, the upstart entrants were strongly motivated to improve their initial offerings in ways that would allow them to compete effectively for the larger, more lucrative mainstream markets. This was the entrants’ â€Å"upmarket march,† and entrants that marched upmarket successfully eventually captured the customers that had been the incumbents’ mainstay. Differences: Whatever ambiguities might remain in making the relevant categorizations (incumbent vs. entrant; sustaining vs. disruptive) the data reveal that overall; disruption theory makes better prediction possible. In contrast, entrants tended to succeed by combining a business model tailored to the needs of a relatively less attractive market – the entrants’ foothold – with an ability to improve their original solutions in ways that allowed them to provide superior performance that incumbents were unable to replicate – the upmarket march In contrast, I make a more limited and modest claim: disruption theory can deliver statistically significant and practically material improvement in the ability to innovate successfully. Christensen and Overdorf 1. ? Difference – Managers lack thinking about their organizations capapbilities as they think about individual peoples capabilities. Pg 68 2. Our research suggests that three factors affect what an organization can and cannot do; its resources, its processes and its values pg 68 3. Differences;or similarities . As companies become large, they lose the ability to enter small emerging markets. Cause by an evolution of values. Pg 70 4. Disruptive innovation can create an entirely new market through the introduction of a new kind of product or service, one that is actually worst. Pg 72 5. Differences: Sustaining innovation are nearly always developed and introduced by established industry leaders. But do not cope well with disruptive innovations. Pg 72 6. Similarity: DI occurs so intermittently that no company has a routine process for handling them. Inconsistent with the company’s value. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Papers

Using Clinometer to Measure the Height of Our School free essay sample

Calculating the height was the simplest part of this investigation, first the tangent theta ratio, followed by eliminating the adjacent value from the equation, leaving us with the opposite value then averaging all the trails to come to a final height. ? Diagram: Calculations: To get our results we were required to grab all the trails and get an ideal average. Here’s a diagram of what we had done: (Trail 1+Trail 2+Trail 3+Trail 4) ? 4 = 17. 74 In other words; (The sum of all trials (70. 96)) ? (The number of Trials (4)) = (The Average (17. 74)) State the conclusions that you reached about the height of the school. As a result of our accurate and correct use of the clinometer and the meter wheel, along with our high knowledge of the application of trigonometry, we were able to get a final answer for the height of our school. After analyzing all our results, I can conclude that the total height of the school is 17. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Clinometer to Measure the Height of Our School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 74m/1774cm. ? Did your conclusion make sense in the context of the problem? Explain why you consider your results to be reasonable or why you consider them to be unreasonable. For our investigation, the task that we were assigned was to find the height of the school. However, this questions clears asks whether my conclusion makes sense in the context of the problem, which it clearly does to a very deep extent, but it also asks whether my results were reasonable. It took me a while to finally come to an answer to this question, my results are accurate up to a certain extent, they can be used as an estimate, but not as a precise exact point. This data is reasonable but up to a certain extent. Yet, in terms of reasonability, various factors influence whether a particular adjustment is considered reasonable. The test of what is reasonable is ultimately an objective test and not simply a matter of what you may personally think is reasonable. So it is for my awesome teacher to decide whether my results are reasonable according to what she/he personally thinks is reasonable. Discuss the accuracy of your findings. Include comments on how confidant you can be that your findings are accurate and why you can or cannot be confident. Your response to these questions is very important. High levels can only be achieved if you address accuracy in detail. Mathematical analysis will gain more credit then discussion. Bellow are some suggested ideas that you might like to consider. As I have mentioned previously in the reflection about reasonability. I think that my results cannot be considered accurate, yet, there was no ideal measurement to compare my results to. In other words, if there was an accurate measurement of the building in millimeters, that would be considered accurate. But to generalize my results were not accurate. There are certain procedures that can take place to make the results more accurate, for example the meter wheel not being in millimeter. Height of the person taking the angle of measurement I think the height of the person taking the angle of measurement using the clinometer is very interesting. The height factor doesn’t affect whether or not our accuracy is rational however, it just affects increases/decreases the angle depending on the height of the observer. In conclusion, the height of the person does not affect the accuracy as it is added in later and does not affect our final result. Percentage Error Unfortunately, since there wasn’t a specific measurement for us to be able to calculate the error and find whether or not our calculations/accuracy were clear. ? What if your angle measurements were 1 degree off course? The result of this would indeed be quite simple. As seen in my data, a small different in data can make a significant difference. But to justify it that tad bit more, a small error of 1 degree could do so much of a difference as listed bellow. If you swipe through my data and add/remove a degree there would be a significant 13% to 4. 8% error, averaging to either a negative or positive 8. 39% error. So lets say Shanthanu isn’t as stable at holding the clinometer and was nervous there would be an at least 8. 39% error in our calculations, if not more. How to improve getting a more â€Å"accurate† result of the height of the highest point in our school. †¢Using a millimeter measuring tape to get an accurate reading, instead of using a trundle-wheel because trundle-wheel only give measurements in meters and centimeter, but not millimeters. Sometimes the reading can be more than 1cm e. g. 1cm and 4mm. †¢The horizontal distance should be measured from the tips of the clinometer to the pole, instead of measuring from the body to the pole. This method is used because that is where you start to measure the angle. †¢The clinometer used, gives angle to the nearest 10 degrees, but it would be more accurate to use a clinometer that gives angle in every 1 degree. It would not be accurate if the angle is given to the nearest degree, what if the angle is 55. 868492543, it would increase the