How Much Did Medicine and Treatment Progress (Change and...

How much did medicine and treatment progress (change and continuity) between 1350 and 1750? In medicine there were many things that changed and some that stayed the same between 1350 and 1750. Initially I will be looking at medicine and treatment in the Ancient World as a prelude to its importance during the Renaissance period, and also the influence it may have had in the Middle Ages. During Ancient times, cure and prevention of illness and disease were not very well developed – people would blame their ill health on Gods, witches, demons or other supernatural causes. They had many theories, such as God punishing them for their sins. The Ancient Greeks began to believe that illnesses had a natural cause – in about 400 BCE, a doctor†¦show more content†¦After 300 CE, Romans officially converted to Christianity, and this thoroughly encouraged people to think illness and disease had natural rather than supernatural causes. Roman doctors were encouraged to expand their knowledge of the human anatomy, which also helped medical understanding progress – however, they still could not carry out dissections. Claudius Galen was an Ancient Roman born in about 129 CE in Greece. He believed the theory of the Four Humours and wrote many books based on this theory, which were to be used by generations to come. He developed the Theory of Opposites – when the four humours became unbalanced, he would give something opposite to the humour that was in excess. An example of this is that if a patient had phlegm (which he associated which hot and dry), they would eat cold food – such as cucumber – drink lots of water and stand out in the rain. Unlike previous and future periods in time, the Ancient Romans believed strongly in personal hygiene. They had public baths in every town and city, and would conduct business there, sending up to two hours a day in them. Canals and aqueducts were designed to carry water to the people in towns, as well as having fresh water and drains. Sewers were cleaned by rainwater, which prevented them for blocking up. All this made a massive change to people’s health as they were much more hygienicShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesgraduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare t ime he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in CivilRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagestoday’s health care system, while repairing 6 the aspects that are broken. 7 (3) INSURANCE 8 REFORMS.—This division— (A) enacts strong insurance market re- 9 forms; 10 (B) creates a new Health Insurance Ex- 11 change, with a public health insurance option 12 alongside private plans; 13 (C) includes sliding scale affordability 14 credits; and 15 (D) initiates shared responsibility among 16 workers, employers, and the Government;

Structural Adjustment Programme and the Nigerian Economy...

INTRODUCTION The Nigerian economy has several activities sectors which include agriculture (crops), livestock, forestry, fishing, manufacturing, crude petroleum mining and quarrying, utilities, building and construction, transport, communication, wholesale and retail trades, hotels and restaurants, finance and insurance, real estate and business services, housing, producers of government services and community, social and personal services. However, with the advent of the crude petroleum sector and its attendant boom in the international market, all other sectors of the Nigerian economy have experienced serious neglect by the government, thus resulting to an unbalanced economy. Nigeria’s population as a nation is so large that no†¦show more content†¦Broadly defined, privatisation is an umbrella term to describe a variety of policies which encourage competition and emphasise the role of market forces in place of statutory restrictions and monopoly powers. The first definition relates to programmes of privatisation without structural adjustment, such as has been the case in most developed countries, e.g. U.K., France, etc. The second definition relates to a programme of privatisation as an integral part of a Structural Adjustment Programme, such as we have in Nigeria. Commercialisation, on the other hand, can be defined as the re-organisation of enterprises, wholly and partially owned by the Government, in which such commercialised enterprises shall operate as profit-making commercial ventures without subvention from the Government. Under World Bank structural adjustment, the government tried to eliminate inefficient state intervention and obtain budgetary relief by abolishing agricultural commodity marketing boards and liberalizing cash-crop exports. These measures, together with devaluation, increased the naira prices of export crops, especially cocoa. The state also privatized many public enterprises by selling equity to private investors, while restructuring other parastatals to improve efficiency. 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The stylistic features of cyber language Free Essays

With the development and popularization of the Internet, more and more people are added to the Internet communicative activities. Online chat is one of these increasingly popular forms. Since it is open and compatible, it draws the attention of people from all over the world and from every circle. We will write a custom essay sample on The stylistic features of cyber language or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the study of cyber language has become a focus of attention. In this paper, under the theory of modern stylistics, the stylistic features of cyber language and its causes were discussed from vocabulary and grammatical levels. The author has demonstrated some lexical features of cyber language with a number of examples. Then, in the second part, the grammatical features have been discussed. And the third part is about the causes of these stylistic features. 1. 1 Background of the Present Study From 1990s, the Internet has gradually spread around the world and a networked, digital information revolution has penetrated into all areas of society. According to the data of U. S. research firm (Pew Internet and American Life Project [PIALP], 1999) the number of Chinese net citizens has reached 137 million and would be expected to surpass the United States in 2009, the world’s biggest Internet market. Although he history of Network development is not long, it is sweeping across the world with incredible speed and unstoppable trend, and is gradually changing people’s concept of survival, status, and mode. With the popularization of network technology, online exchange has become an important part of daily communication. Therefore, a new media has been produced during this process-cyber language. To a large extent, the great influence of social development has contributed a lot to this phenomenon. Many scholars no matter home or abroad have stepped into this area and suggested their own opinions from various aspects. This paper has analyzed the features of cyber language from the stylistic point of view. 1. 2 Purpose of the Present Study Cyber language is an open system of signs. Because of some political and economical factors, more and more English words will come into the field of Internet and play some necessary functions. To some extent, we may say that those English words serve as a complement and development of Chinese characters. As a main informational carrier of Internet media, cyber English reflects the impacts of lexical contact and spread on Chinese characters as well as the cultural influences from English-speaking countries in Informational Era. Research of cyber language has pushed the development of verbal and cross-cultural communication and has practical meaning in aspects of Language Standard, language teaching, the compile of new dictionary as well as the sound development of cyber language and so on. Therefore, it deserves the attention of language workers. . 1 Definition and Explanation 2. 1. 1 Explanation of Online Communication added to the Internet communicative activities. People type letters on keyboard and receive words on screen. Their communication breaks up the boundary of time and space. It is different from the face -to -face communication in general sense. Kiesler, Siegel, and Timothy (1984) think that such computer-mediated exchange activity has two interesting features: 1) lack of social contextual information; 2) lack of widely accepted principle of usage. The first feature prevents the participants from relying on hand gestures, body potential language, facial expressions and other non- linguistic information to explain the text and assist the exchange. The lack of rules makes the traditional communicative rituals broken and gradually a number of Internet specifications which were widely approved have been formed. But as a real- time communicative activity, it is very close to the daily face-to-face oral communication. In real-time communication, the communicator can both receive information and send a message. Receiving and transmitting information is a continuous, uninterrupted process. This allows the two communicators to exchange feedback in time, adjust and revise the direction and content of the next exchange. Obviously, cyber language has the features of both spoken and written language and it obscures the traditional distinction between oral and written language, forming its own unique style. 2. 1. Definition of Stylistic Tags This paper analyses the stylistic features of cyber language from two perspectives: description and context of language. In the language description, we use the system of stylistic tags to classify the language feature. According to Enkvist and Spenser (1964), stylistic tag is a prominent stylistic feature. Any language project with stylistic meanings can be regarded as a style tag which is the same as the concept of â€Å"salient†in functional stylistics. In his work, Zhang (1998) states: Halliday, founder of Systemic-functional Linguistics thinks that salient is a collective discourse for those rotruding language features in some form of context. Then he classifies those features into two types: one is against the conventional prominent, negative; the other is consistent with conventional prominent, positive. (pp. 21-22) In stylistics, language features are generally divided into four levels: phonology, word position, vocabulary, syntax / grammar. When chat in the net, visual text or punctuation is the only carrier to transmit information, so phonological style tags do not have stylistic sense. We only analyze the word, vocabulary, syntax / grammar style tags. How to cite The stylistic features of cyber language, Papers