Morality and The Holy Bible :: Holy Bible Essays

10 Tips to Make Sure Your Website Stays on the Right Side of the Law

At the point when you have a site, there are sure principles and guidelines that you have to follow in the event that you need to guarantee your site is lawfully consistent and moderate the danger of any legitimate issues. From copyright to obligations towards staying away from literary theft, there are some fundamental site legitimate necessities one should know before causing the site to go live.This is a visitor commitment by Sanjeev Pandey.This post will dig into a portion of the components you ought to incorporate and decides that you ought to follow. Well likewise share apparatuses to help make consistence simpler for you, as a WordPress protection approach module or a site to assist you with producing a Terms Conditions page.Lets begin, starting with the new theme that everybody is talking about.Editors note  we are not legal advisors and this isn't legitimate guidance. If all else fails, converse with a genuine legal counselor. European Unions General Data Protection Regu lation (GDPR). In the event that you havent knew about this guideline that was propelled in mid 2018, however, you have to acclimate yourself with it on the off chance that you have any association with the European Union.This guideline is gigantic, so we can't cover it all in this post. Be that as it may, to assist you with finding out increasingly, here are a portion of the top to bottom aides weve composed on the subject.First, you should survey our general manual for WordPress and the GDPR. At that point, you can consider these significant hints for GDPR compliance.With that off the beaten path, lets get to the tips!1. Ensure you can legitimately utilize all substance (like images)Depending on what you will distribute on your site, you may need to apply for explicit licenses to utilize that content. This is very significant with regards to forestalling literary theft, perceiving others’ ability, and valuing their work.For model, for certain pictures, you should demand con sent before utilizing them (however you can likewise discover free stock photograph destinations). Regardless of whether you get the permit, you should remember that you aren’t the just one with it and you probably won't have the option to utilize that picture anyway you want.While Unsplash lets you utilize its pictures for nothing, many stock photograph destinations are not all that generousBefore you can get the permit, you may even need to consent to an arrangement. In such a situation, ensure you are perusing the print mindfully and know how you can utilize the picture and what are the terms to utilize it.2. Incorporate a Privacy Policy that clarifies how you handle clients dataMoving forward, a protection approach is one of the most significant lawful necessities for any site. This arrangement unmistakably characterizes how you are going to utilize your visitors’ information. In addition to the fact that it is a noteworthy piece of lawful necessities in a few nati ons, yet a protection approach additionally builds up trust with your visitors.If you have no clue about how to put a security arrangement on your site, you can generally utilize a WordPress security strategy module to make the methodology simpler, as WP Legal Pages: WP Legal Pages: Simple WordPress Privacy Policy Generator Plugin Author(s): WPEka ClubCurrent Version: 2.3.0Last Updated: October 16, 2019wplegalpages.2.3.0.zip 80%Ratings 152,801Downloads WP 5.0+Requires Heres a total guide on the best way to make a protection arrangement for your webpage and what to remember for it.3. Incorporate a Terms Conditions page, tooUndeniably, Terms Conditions page is by all accounts the unhappiest page on the whole site, in any case, it holds significance too. Despite the fact that it probably won't be a need by the law in certain nations, to play it safe, you should add it to your website.This page ends up being gainful with regards to constraining your duty on the off chance that a clien t has hauled you to the court. In such a circumstance, having a Terms Conditions page on the site additionally ties down your entitlement to the substance that you have distributed on your website.If youre not certain what to incorporate, you can utilize TermsFeed to assist you with producing a Terms Conditions page.4. Keep up an exacting security strategy to stay away from negligenceAny kind of pass in your destinations security can build the odds of harms done to your entire organization. Nowadays, security breaks are turning out to be very common.In July 2018, there were in excess of 145 million spilled records due to digital assaults. Stunning, isn’t it? Clearly, in a year, the harm done to the data innovation in light of a security penetrate is more than $1.5 trillion.Since the security break types fluctuate contingent upon your area and specialty advertise, you should mindfully make such designs for security that coordinate the prerequisites of your site and fortify its vulnerabilities. Make an exacting security approach, just as an arrangement for what occurs if there is a penetrate. It will give your guests certainty that their data is sheltered with you.For WordPress clients, a security module can give a decent benchmark level of security.5. Incorporate any pertinent disclaimers to keep clients informedSometimes, issues happen on the grounds that sites purposely force somebody to be sure about something that may wind up causing them an extraordinary loss.If your site is causing them harm, at that point you, as the proprietor, can be considered liable for the whole circumstance. Accordingly, you should place disclaimers on the site in the event that there are oversights or mistakes, or you are utilizing any third-party’s links.6. Focus on rules about exchanges (for example an eCommerce store)If your site incorporates online exchanges, you have to give uncommon consideration to security and regulations.A ongoing report distributed in Trust wave states that roughly 90% of information penetrates sway little scope dealers. So if your site bargains in an online exchange, its basic to consider the security of your customers’ data.Make sure that you scramble all the information going between your website and your guests computersâ with HTTPS. Additionally, ensure that you are just utilizing a dependable installment passage to forestall superfluous issues in the future.Also, investigate phrasing like PCI compliance.7. Appropriately advise guests about how you use cookiesIf you need to remain on the great side of the Electronic Privacy Communications Regulation, you have to educate clients in the event that you utilize any sort of following treat (which is most sites).If you neglect to tell your clients about this action, you may need to pay an enormous sum as a fine payment.Learn how to make a treat assent notice here.8. Keep up steady data over your siteTo look after consistency, make a point to post a similar data on your site as you’ve posted on different stages. This data incorporates your enrolled address, email ID, contact number, etc.Not just does this guarantee guests know precisely who theyre managing, yet it likewise causes you construct trust with them.9. Make your webpage available to all usersIf you need to make your site open to all guests, youll need to place some exceptional consideration into following great web openness rehearses. Albeit numerous locales disregard openness, this lawful prerequisite is a significant need if you will likely treat everybody similarly and remain on the great side of guideline like the ADA.10. Stay away from deliberately (or accidentally) taking others contentIf you need your site to flourish, you have to consistently share new content.While you may consider distributing content composed by others as an approach to do this, realize it may create a few issues for you later on. Imagine a scenario where the substance isn’t unique and you are taking it from another site that has replicated it from another?Although it may be hard to keep taking up content from different locales by and large, maintain a strategic distance from it as much as possible. You can enlist innovative and proficient substance scholars who can either create legitimate substance or revamp the current substance to make it unique.Final thoughtsWhile you may consider the way that you are going to increase a great deal of focal points from a business site, there are a few site lawful prerequisites too that you should remember, as referenced previously. In this manner, you can either utilize devices, for example, a WordPress security approach module or can even go to a next level and recruit a legal advisor to create one of a kind documents.All taking all things together, ensure that you are shielding yourself and your business from lawful issues. That’s all that matters.If you have any inquiries on the best way to ensure your site remains o n the light side of the power, ask away in the remarks. About the creator: Sanjeev Pandey adores everything about WordPress. Working with WPeka, a consistent quest for new devices and Plugins keeps him hungry constantly.

A dish of ice cream

A dish of ice cream In the days when an ice cream sundae cost much less, a 10 year old boy entered a hotel coffee shop and sat at a table. A waitress put a glass of water in front of him.“How much is an ice cream sundae?”“50 cents,” replied the waitress. The little boy pulled his hand out of his pocket and studied a number of coins in it.“How much is a dish of plain ice cream?” he inquired. Some people were now waiting for a table and the waitress was a bit impatient.“35 cents,” she said brusquely.The little boy again counted the coins. “I’ll have the plain ice cream,” he said.The waitress brought the ice cream, put the bill on the table and walked away. The boy finished the ice cream, paid the cashier and departed.When the waitress came back, she began wiping down the table and then swallowed hard at what she saw.There, placed neatly beside the empty dish, were 15 cents â€" her tip.Author UnknownMoral: dont judge the book by its cover!

How Much Did Medicine and Treatment Progress (Change and...

How much did medicine and treatment progress (change and continuity) between 1350 and 1750? In medicine there were many things that changed and some that stayed the same between 1350 and 1750. Initially I will be looking at medicine and treatment in the Ancient World as a prelude to its importance during the Renaissance period, and also the influence it may have had in the Middle Ages. During Ancient times, cure and prevention of illness and disease were not very well developed – people would blame their ill health on Gods, witches, demons or other supernatural causes. They had many theories, such as God punishing them for their sins. The Ancient Greeks began to believe that illnesses had a natural cause – in about 400 BCE, a doctor†¦show more content†¦After 300 CE, Romans officially converted to Christianity, and this thoroughly encouraged people to think illness and disease had natural rather than supernatural causes. Roman doctors were encouraged to expand their knowledge of the human anatomy, which also helped medical understanding progress – however, they still could not carry out dissections. Claudius Galen was an Ancient Roman born in about 129 CE in Greece. He believed the theory of the Four Humours and wrote many books based on this theory, which were to be used by generations to come. He developed the Theory of Opposites – when the four humours became unbalanced, he would give something opposite to the humour that was in excess. An example of this is that if a patient had phlegm (which he associated which hot and dry), they would eat cold food – such as cucumber – drink lots of water and stand out in the rain. Unlike previous and future periods in time, the Ancient Romans believed strongly in personal hygiene. They had public baths in every town and city, and would conduct business there, sending up to two hours a day in them. Canals and aqueducts were designed to carry water to the people in towns, as well as having fresh water and drains. Sewers were cleaned by rainwater, which prevented them for blocking up. All this made a massive change to people’s health as they were much more hygienicShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesgraduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare t ime he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in CivilRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagestoday’s health care system, while repairing 6 the aspects that are broken. 7 (3) INSURANCE 8 REFORMS.—This division— (A) enacts strong insurance market re- 9 forms; 10 (B) creates a new Health Insurance Ex- 11 change, with a public health insurance option 12 alongside private plans; 13 (C) includes sliding scale affordability 14 credits; and 15 (D) initiates shared responsibility among 16 workers, employers, and the Government;

Structural Adjustment Programme and the Nigerian Economy...

INTRODUCTION The Nigerian economy has several activities sectors which include agriculture (crops), livestock, forestry, fishing, manufacturing, crude petroleum mining and quarrying, utilities, building and construction, transport, communication, wholesale and retail trades, hotels and restaurants, finance and insurance, real estate and business services, housing, producers of government services and community, social and personal services. However, with the advent of the crude petroleum sector and its attendant boom in the international market, all other sectors of the Nigerian economy have experienced serious neglect by the government, thus resulting to an unbalanced economy. Nigeria’s population as a nation is so large that no†¦show more content†¦Broadly defined, privatisation is an umbrella term to describe a variety of policies which encourage competition and emphasise the role of market forces in place of statutory restrictions and monopoly powers. The first definition relates to programmes of privatisation without structural adjustment, such as has been the case in most developed countries, e.g. U.K., France, etc. The second definition relates to a programme of privatisation as an integral part of a Structural Adjustment Programme, such as we have in Nigeria. Commercialisation, on the other hand, can be defined as the re-organisation of enterprises, wholly and partially owned by the Government, in which such commercialised enterprises shall operate as profit-making commercial ventures without subvention from the Government. Under World Bank structural adjustment, the government tried to eliminate inefficient state intervention and obtain budgetary relief by abolishing agricultural commodity marketing boards and liberalizing cash-crop exports. These measures, together with devaluation, increased the naira prices of export crops, especially cocoa. The state also privatized many public enterprises by selling equity to private investors, while restructuring other parastatals to improve efficiency. The federal government encouraged private investment in the late 1980s, allowed foreign ownership in most manufacturing, and liberalized andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 Pages 6 REFLECTIONS ON THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY 8 3.0 4.0 5.0 AGRICULTURE FROM THE LOOKING GLASS OF MAN’S ECONOMIC HISTORY 16 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY FROM PARADIGMATIC VIEWPOINTS ABOUT THE STATE VIS-A-VIS MARKET 21 6.0 NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 29 7.0 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FROM THE LOOKING GLASS OF EVOLUTION OF NIGERIA’S POLITICAL ECONOMY 38 THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY: THE PARADOX INSIDE OUT 52 CONCLUSION: TACKLING THE PARADOXRead MoreFormal and Informal Institutions21073 Words   |  85 PagesList of abbreviations ACK ANOVA GDP ICDC K-REP Ksh MAGs NBFIs NGOs POSB PRIDE ROSCAs SACCOs SCAs SMEs Anglican Church of Kenya Analysis of variance Gross domestic product Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation Kenya Rural Enterprise Programme Kenya shillings Mutual assistance groups Non-bank financial institutions Non government organisations Post Office Savings Bank Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises Rotating savings and credit associations Savings and creditRead MoreThe Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria22514 Words   |  91 PagesMACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study is designed to examine the causes of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on the Nigerian economy since there is scarcely any country that lives in absolute autarky in this globalised world. The economies of all the countries of the world are linked directly or indirectly through asset or/and goods markets. This linkage is made possible through trade and facilitated by foreign exchange. TheRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesTHE JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING ANAN Volume 1, No 1, March 2009 Published by: Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos Postgraduate Professional College and Training Arm of ANAN ...Advancing the Science of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, TrainingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthe ways in which postmodern philosophies and theories of organization pose radical challenges for modernism and neo-modernism. †¢ We then explore theories and concepts which develop the idea that organization theory is a means by which members can gain deep understanding of their organizations. This is achieved through exploration of organizations as symbols, through critical theory and through psychoanalysis. †¢ In many respects the study of organizations is linked with the study of management, andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Impo rtant Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswas enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantations, or on the wharves of an expansive, global export economy. Throughout the century, advances in human rights, which were spread ever more broadly among different social groups—including women, laborers, INTRODUCTION †¢ 3 ethnic minorities, and gays—made strides that were perhaps greater than

The stylistic features of cyber language Free Essays

With the development and popularization of the Internet, more and more people are added to the Internet communicative activities. Online chat is one of these increasingly popular forms. Since it is open and compatible, it draws the attention of people from all over the world and from every circle. We will write a custom essay sample on The stylistic features of cyber language or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the study of cyber language has become a focus of attention. In this paper, under the theory of modern stylistics, the stylistic features of cyber language and its causes were discussed from vocabulary and grammatical levels. The author has demonstrated some lexical features of cyber language with a number of examples. Then, in the second part, the grammatical features have been discussed. And the third part is about the causes of these stylistic features. 1. 1 Background of the Present Study From 1990s, the Internet has gradually spread around the world and a networked, digital information revolution has penetrated into all areas of society. According to the data of U. S. research firm (Pew Internet and American Life Project [PIALP], 1999) the number of Chinese net citizens has reached 137 million and would be expected to surpass the United States in 2009, the world’s biggest Internet market. Although he history of Network development is not long, it is sweeping across the world with incredible speed and unstoppable trend, and is gradually changing people’s concept of survival, status, and mode. With the popularization of network technology, online exchange has become an important part of daily communication. Therefore, a new media has been produced during this process-cyber language. To a large extent, the great influence of social development has contributed a lot to this phenomenon. Many scholars no matter home or abroad have stepped into this area and suggested their own opinions from various aspects. This paper has analyzed the features of cyber language from the stylistic point of view. 1. 2 Purpose of the Present Study Cyber language is an open system of signs. Because of some political and economical factors, more and more English words will come into the field of Internet and play some necessary functions. To some extent, we may say that those English words serve as a complement and development of Chinese characters. As a main informational carrier of Internet media, cyber English reflects the impacts of lexical contact and spread on Chinese characters as well as the cultural influences from English-speaking countries in Informational Era. Research of cyber language has pushed the development of verbal and cross-cultural communication and has practical meaning in aspects of Language Standard, language teaching, the compile of new dictionary as well as the sound development of cyber language and so on. Therefore, it deserves the attention of language workers. . 1 Definition and Explanation 2. 1. 1 Explanation of Online Communication added to the Internet communicative activities. People type letters on keyboard and receive words on screen. Their communication breaks up the boundary of time and space. It is different from the face -to -face communication in general sense. Kiesler, Siegel, and Timothy (1984) think that such computer-mediated exchange activity has two interesting features: 1) lack of social contextual information; 2) lack of widely accepted principle of usage. The first feature prevents the participants from relying on hand gestures, body potential language, facial expressions and other non- linguistic information to explain the text and assist the exchange. The lack of rules makes the traditional communicative rituals broken and gradually a number of Internet specifications which were widely approved have been formed. But as a real- time communicative activity, it is very close to the daily face-to-face oral communication. In real-time communication, the communicator can both receive information and send a message. Receiving and transmitting information is a continuous, uninterrupted process. This allows the two communicators to exchange feedback in time, adjust and revise the direction and content of the next exchange. Obviously, cyber language has the features of both spoken and written language and it obscures the traditional distinction between oral and written language, forming its own unique style. 2. 1. Definition of Stylistic Tags This paper analyses the stylistic features of cyber language from two perspectives: description and context of language. In the language description, we use the system of stylistic tags to classify the language feature. According to Enkvist and Spenser (1964), stylistic tag is a prominent stylistic feature. Any language project with stylistic meanings can be regarded as a style tag which is the same as the concept of â€Å"salient†in functional stylistics. In his work, Zhang (1998) states: Halliday, founder of Systemic-functional Linguistics thinks that salient is a collective discourse for those rotruding language features in some form of context. Then he classifies those features into two types: one is against the conventional prominent, negative; the other is consistent with conventional prominent, positive. (pp. 21-22) In stylistics, language features are generally divided into four levels: phonology, word position, vocabulary, syntax / grammar. When chat in the net, visual text or punctuation is the only carrier to transmit information, so phonological style tags do not have stylistic sense. We only analyze the word, vocabulary, syntax / grammar style tags. How to cite The stylistic features of cyber language, Papers

The Family Business Gopher IT

Gopher IT is a business owned by a family with different members of the family engaging in running of the business. It is described as a family business because it has the majority of voting power controlled by the family. It comprises one of the world’s dominant types of businesses (Davis 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Family Business: Gopher IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Roles of the Family Members in the Governance of Gopher IT The owners hold more than one role in the business. They have different positions as managers and directors. There are also non-family managers who are treated equally as family managers because the company has set up good employment policies for everyone. This has made all employees to be motivated. The management of Gopher IT is strictly under family members. There is also a board of directors. Membership of board of directors is mostly reserved for the family members although it is given also to non-family members who are trusted. This ensures that most business decisions are made by the family members (Le Van, 1999). Gopher IT is owned by husband and wife. Laura Welch, who is the wife, is the general manager who oversees the running of the company (Stempler 1998). She handles all purchases, opening and closing of the office every day. Jack Welch, the husband, is the Sales and Marketing Manager. He creates promotional activities, monitors sales and distributes all marketing materials Chris Welch, their son, is the Financial Manager. He is responsible for finance, payroll, accounting taxes, billing and matters related to budgets. The non-family managers are operation manager and human resource manager. The operation manager is in charge of daily operations. The human resource manager supervises employees and his roles include hiring and firing of new applicants. There is good governance in Gopher IT so as to instill discipline, prevent c onflicts, and the business may continue to grow. To achieve this, the company communicates its vision, rules and regulations and facilitates decision making and sharing of ideas among all members. The structure of Gopher IT governance has been well documented in a strategic plan. It comprises policies and values of the business. It defines the roles of the key players of the family business (Sahlman 1997) Employees are their in-laws, cousins and non family members who finished school recently.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gopher IT activities The family business offers personal services to people and it is located in the downtown of Boston. They saw that people’s schedules were demanding hence the business motive was to increase the leisure time for people. The people living in the downtown have white collar jobs, higher income and would like to have leisure time. It is time consuming and irritating to run errands after work, during work and before work. People queue, fight traffic, and others skip lunch and hence will benefit from this family business. It offers errand services for professionals. It is located in the second floor, room 101 of Times Tower. They offer services on foot, riding by bicycle or use public transport. The services include: picking laundry, mail, tickets, shopping, automobile after repair and sometimes making deposits in banks. Charges are hourly (Stempler, 1998). The market is good because there are about 10,000 who pass the office every day when going to work. There is the storage of groceries and gifts. Strengths and Weaknesses of Gopher IT As a family business, it performs better than non-family businesses. They make higher profits and sales than their counterparts. This is due to some strength that the other businesses lack which include commitment. The owners of the business show a lot of dedication so that the business may grow and can be inherited by the subsequent generation. They work hard, plough back profit that they have made to make it long term. Knowledge continuity is another strength factor. Business owners make sure that they pass accumulated experience, knowledge, and skills to their family members so that the company may not fail even in the long term (Davis 2001). One of the weaknesses of Gopher IT as a family business includes favorism. Family members are employed regardless of whether they are qualified or not. Complexity is another weakness that Gopher IT experience. This is due to employment of different members of the family who run the business. The family members also add family issues and emotions to the business unlike their counterparts. Lacking discipline is Gophers IT business’s weakness where some family members do not pay attention to strategic areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Family Business: Gopher IT specifically for y ou for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stages of Growth in Gopher IT The first stage was called the founder’s stage. The business was managed and owned by those who founded it. They included the husband and the wife. It was not complicated in governance, because its running was only in the hands of the founders. There was also good commitment towards the business. The next stage was called the sibling partnership. Although the founders maintained management of the business, it transferred some to their children. The third stage is the cousin confederation. This is where more family members were included in the business like in-laws and cousins (Neuberger and Lank 1998). Conflicts in Gopher IT There may arise some conflicts brought about by the family members employed either now or in the future and one of them is succession. Conflicts may arise as to who will be the successor of the wife and husband. Another conflict is the acceptance of roles in the future and agreeing to continue the business. There is no record that the managers have the right education to hold the managerial positions (Sahlman 1997), There is no record also that they have any experience pertaining to running of the business. Conclusion To improve the functioning of the family business, it is important for the owners to set up good employment policies so that family members do not add family issues and emotions. Based on the conflict of succession, it is better for the business to state clearly who will succeed the owners based on their education and experience in the running of the business. They will need also to be familiarized with the roles that they will undertake i.e. the managerial positions. They will also need to have education on the roles they will undertake like Chris who is a financial manager. Finally, it is important that the family has its strategic plan stating its rules and vision. Some family businesses have little life span and do not mak e it to the third generation because the third generation do not have the skills and experience to run the business with its large demands. They need to be educated on the roles they will take and familiarize with the businessAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Davis, J, A 2001, The family business, Harvard business Review, vol. 20, no. 19, pp.6 Le Van, G 1999, The Survival Guide for Business Families, London, Routledge. Neuberger, F, Lank, A 1998, The Family Business: Its Governance for Sustainability, London, Routledge. Sahlman, A 1997, How to Sustain a Family Business, Harvard Business Review,vol.75,no. 4,pp.98-108. Stempler, G, L 1988, A Study of Succession in Family Owned Businesses, Ph.D. Dissertation , Washington, DC, George Washington University. This essay on The Family Business: Gopher IT was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Just War essays

Just War essays The Holy See juggles with its policies of what a just war consist of in this article. St. Augustine states that a just war consists of just cause, legitimate authority, and right intention. The Holy See adds to the saints list with last resort in an attempt to curb preemptive military strike or war. Just war theorists back up the United States preemptive war on grounds that Saddam would use weapons of mass destruction against us if he had the chance. Pope John Paul II says that war is not a good means of settling conflicts and that there are other ways other than a preemptive strike. The Holy See speaks on the matter that the United States war on Iraq was not a last resort but an act on the presumption that Saddam was making weapons to attack the US or assisting terrorists. I think that the Holy Sees policy on the war on Iraq has good backing and shows the behind the scenes conflicts that riddle the president every day. I believe that the war on Iraq was a preemptive strike but needed to be done. It seems the US tends to be the world police by assisting countries with corrupt government and keeping dictators in check. I believe this is a bad position but one the US is stuck with. The Holy See seems to merge with most of Europe on global positions so their take on the war in Iraq doesnt seem too peculiar. The approval of the Holy See doesnt seem to bother the president at all and comes across as a one man job for the ambassador to the Holy See. ...

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime To fully appreciate Shakespeare, its best to see his plays live on stage. It’s a sad fact that today we typically study Shakespeares plays out of books and forego the live experience. It’s important to remember that the Bard was not writing for today’s literary readership, but for a live audience. Shakespeare was not writing for just any live audience but was writing for the masses in Elizabethan England, many of whom couldn’t read or write. The theater was usually the only place the audiences to his plays would be exposed to fine, literary culture. To better understand Shakespeares works, todays reader needs to go beyond the texts themselves to consider the context of these works: the details of the live theater experience during the Bard’s lifetime. Theater Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Time Visiting a theater and watching a play in Elizabethan times was very different from today, not just because of who was in the audience, but because of how people behaved. Theatergoers were not expected to be still and silent throughout the performance as modern audiences are. Instead, Elizabethan theater was the modern equivalent of a popular band concert. It was communal and even, at times, raucous, depending on the subject matter of a given performance. The audience would eat, drink, and talk throughout the performance. Theaters were open air and used natural light. Without the advanced technology of artificial light, most plays were performed not in the evening, as they are today, but rather in the afternoon or during the daylight. Furthermore, plays during that era used very little scenery and few, if any, props. The plays usually relied on language to set the scene. Female Performers in Shakespeare’s Time The laws for contemporary performances of Shakespeare’s plays banned women from acting. Female roles were thus played by young boys before their voices changed in puberty. How Shakespeare Changed Perceptions of the Theater Shakespeare saw the public’s attitude towards theater shift during his lifetime. Prior to his era, the theater in England was considered to be a disreputable pastime. It was frowned upon by Puritan authorities, who were worried that it might distract people from their religious teachings. During the reign of Elizabeth I, theaters were still banned within the city walls of London (even though the Queen enjoyed the theater and frequently attended performances in person). But over time, the theater became more popular, and a thriving â€Å"entertainment† scene grew on Bankside, just outside the city walls. Bankside was considered to be a â€Å"den of iniquity† with its brothels, bear-baiting pits, and theaters. The place of theater in Shakespeares time widely diverged from its perceived role today as high culture reserved for the educated, upper classes. The Acting Profession During Shakespeare’s Time Shakespeare’s contemporary theater companies were extremely busy. They would perform around six different plays each week, which could only be rehearsed a few times before the performance. There was no separate stage crew, as theater companies have today. Every actor and stagehand helped to make costumes, props, and scenery. The Elizabethan acting profession worked on an apprentice system and therefore was strictly hierarchical. Playwrights themselves had to rise up through the ranks. Shareholders and general managers were in charge and profited the most from the company’s success. Managers employed their actors, who became permanent members of the company. Boy apprentices were at the bottom of the hierarchy. They usually began their careers by acting in small roles or playing the female characters.

The ultimate achievemet of the Land Registration Act Essay

The ultimate achievemet of the Land Registration Act - Essay Example In analysing the practical ramifications of the LRA 2002, this paper will critically evaluate the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration as brought in by the LRA. Moreover, this paper will argue that a central issue in the evaluation of the LRA 2002 is whether property purchase post 2002 has become easier as intended by the extrapolations of the Law Commission Report7. A central issue of concern in contemporary conveyancing is the applicability of any third party â€Å"off the record† proprietary rights and to this end I shall undertake a contextual and comparative analysis with the unregistered system for enforceability of third party rights. Moreover, I shall further evaluate the system for enforceability of third party equitable rights under the registered land system post 2002. It is submitted at the outset that such an evaluation is vital to the overall consideration of the substantive and procedural changes brought about by the LRA in order to determine whether or not the LRA has in fact created a â€Å"rational legal order† as suggested. In assessing the extent of changes introduced by the LRA 2002, it is further necessary to consider the essential objectives of the Law Commission Report, particularly in terms of its hailing the LRA bill as a revolution for conveyancing practice8. Firstly, the Law Commission argued that the reforms proposed by the LRA were bold particularly in respect of the: â€Å"Move from a paper based system of conveyancing to one that is entirely electronic is a very major one and it will transform fundamentally the manner in which the process is conducted9.† Indeed, in the Law Commission Report, in addressing the fundamental objectives of the Bill, it asserts that â€Å"dispositions of... The system for protection of third party interests appears to remain intrinsically complex for purchasers notwithstanding the objectives of the LRA. Moreover, the above analysis demonstrates that it is incorrect to argue that the changes brought introduced by the LRA have automatically culminated in a rationale and simplified system of land registration with limited scope for off the record interests. Indeed, the complex rules of the LRA highlight that in reality, the extent to which a purchaser can be subject to third party interests will ultimately depend on the nature of the right. Additionally, the drafting of the LRA 2002 retains some the core provisions of the 1925 Land Registration Act, which effectively creates a dual system of protection. To this end, it is submitted that it is questionable whether the LRA 2002 has met the objectives extrapolated by the Law Commission, which is arguably a significant opportunity missed.

Pastoral care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pastoral care - Essay Example The same is applied to the church minister, the help and support of whom is sought while performing spiritual obligations; baptism, matrimonial services, funeral services and prayers at every joyous and gloomy incident are included the religious obligations according to the Christian faith, which could not be performed without the presence and supervision of the church ministers. One of the most important role played by the pastors included the providing of complete guidance to the Christian community in their religious affairs. While pastoral care, according to Malphurs, may have been an aspect of what some leaders in the Old Testament did, their primary role was that of leadership (2003:1). Although the Christian community has separated the role and duties of the state and the church, where the former enjoys all the privileges from devising and implementation of all the policies and strategies related to internal, external, political, social and financial affairs of the country on the one hand, and ruling over the masses through all state agencies and institutions on the other. On the other hand, the powers of the church have been confined to religious affairs, though the church is supreme in this regards, and everyone seeks its help in all spiritual activities and matters at large; it is particularly the case at the eve of birth, matrimony and death of every Christian. Pastor services maintain central place in Christianity particularly at the eve of the death of every follower of the faith. Pastoral services are conducted in order to identify the spiritual relationship between man and his Lord, where the Lord has the power to bestow life and impose death upon every human, and thus soul is bound to return to the Lord after spending the appointed time on the earth. Pastoral care services are conducted in the name of Jesus Christ, who has

Ben Franklin Essay -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin stands tall among a small group of men we call our Founding Fathers. Ben used his diplomacy skills to serve his fellow countrymen. His role in the American Revolution was not played out on the battlefields, but rather in the halls and staterooms of governments. His clear vision of the way things should be, and his skill in both writing and negotiating, helped him to shape the future of the United States of America. His most important service was as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Although it was not accepted, he is reported to have been the author of the single legislative Assembly, instead of two branches. Other statesmen have considered bicameral assembly preferable, and which have since been adopted in all the States of the Union, as, well as in other countries where the experiment of popular forms has been tried. There is no doubt that this was a favorite theory with him, because he explained and gave his reasons for it on another occasion. T he perpetual conflict between the two branches under the proprietary government of Pennsylvania, in which the best laws after having been passed by the Representatives of the people were constantly defeated by the veto of the Governor and Council, seems to have produced a strong impression on his mind. He also referred to the British Parliament as a proof that the voice of the people expressed by their representatives is often silenced by an order of men in the legislature, who have interests to s...

Thematic Study on A.K.Ramanujans Poetry

Introduction: A. K. Ramanujan is one of the interesting poets in the 20th century Indian English literature. His timeline is between 1929 and 1994. His poetry attained its popularity in 1960s. He is considered as the voice of modern India, though he shows his deep root in Indian tradition and culture. Among his contemporaries A. K. Ramanujan seems grave and sincere due to variety of themes prevailed in his poetry. He is not only a poet but also the greatest translator. He is famous for his translations rather than other creative works. His Major Works: An astonished classic Ramanujan has written numerous poems. They were gathered and put in four volumes under one title The Collected Poems. Of these four volumes The Striders, Relations, and Second Sight were published in his life time. His fourth collection The Black Hen was published after his life time in 1995. He is a transnational figure and trans-disciplinary scholar. His academic research ranged across five languages: Tamil, Kannada, English, Telugu and Sanskrit. His major translation works are The Interior Landscapes: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology, Speaking of Shiva and Hymns for the Drowning. Themes in his Poetry: His Collected poems represents the rich sensitivity, intellectual rigour and feeling. Most of his poems though intensely personal, have a universal dimension of their own. The main themes of his poetry are Indian culture and tradition, family and relations, past memories, art, love, despair, death, myth, hybridism, etc. ,. They are full of humour, irony, paradox and sudden reversals. He is really a poet of memory, commotion, childhood impressions, fear, sorrow, common sufferings and conflicts. Art as a Theme: The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting and sculpture is known as ‘art’. Poetry and other works produced by such skill and imagination can be come under this productive term ‘art’. In the poem â€Å"The Black Hen† Ramanujan portrays the art of writing poetry. He explains that poetry should come naturally as leaves come to a tree. This natural way of writing the poetry is evidenced through the lines: It must come as leaves to a tree or not at all. (1-3) Further the following lines, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the black hen with the red round eye n the embroidery stitch by stitch. (5-8) -show the painful and troublesome kind of writing poetry. Here the poet compares the black hen with the poetry. The term ‘embroidery’ refers to the luxurious and decorative work which is done for the poetry. The phrase ‘stitch by stitch’ indicates the hard labour done for writing poet ry. The poet also expresses the respectful fear of the poets through the lines: the black hen stares with its round red eye and you are afraid. (11-13) According to the poet if a creative work is done once, fear grips the maker or he stares at his own work. Thus the entire poem â€Å"Black Hen† deals with the symbol of art and creativity. The image of the black hen symbolizes poetry. Theme of Time: Time is a dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and intervals between them. Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, science and art. Ramanujan focusses on the theme of time in his poem â€Å"At Zero† The first stanza of the poem â€Å"At Zero† has an image of clock. The poet says that â€Å"when the clocks lose their tongues† and â€Å"when the hands fall off† there will be no occurrence of sound. There is a symbol of zero with this silence of clock. It is also the symbol of emptiness too. The image of clock and pendulum in the clock surely reveal the passage of time. There are further more references of time through the lines: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ time pieces on wrists and towers lose time. (5-7) In Ramanujan’s view, the time is totally lost by the time pieces on wrists and towers. Though the first stanza speaks about the loss of time, the second stanza concentrates on the motion of time, which is considered as the victory of time. The lines which express the victory of time are following: though the wheels turn, the cogs catch: at the centre of the white, black, or coin face, the axle, dot of metal, turns continually:†¦.. (10-14) Here the phrase ‘turns continually’ perfectly matches with the movement of time. The two hands of the clock and twelve numbers certainly indicate the time and its message. Ramanujan opines that the twelve numbers say nothing when they are not touched by the two hands inserted in the clock. He additionally tells that time just keeps on moving. In an airport people are waiting for their flight to take off, they go on measuring the time. In Ramanujan’s description their eyes look but can’t see anything and their ears listen but cannot hear anything. At any place at anytime, time is not going to stop its function. It moves on and does its duty. It remembers the readers an Indian proverb â€Å"Time and tide waits for none†. Theme of Indian Culture and Tradition: Each country of the world has its own culture, with many customs, traditions and refined qualities. The culture of India refers to the religions beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, ceremonies, arts, values and the way of life in India and its people. Ramanujan’s poetry reveals his strong faith in Indian culture and tradition. The second stanza of the poem â€Å"At Zero† starts with the line â€Å"blank Brahmin-widow faces†. This blank widow faces make the readers to remember a typical Indian widow. It expresses the Hindu way of life in India. The last stanza of the poem concentrates on the potter-saint, who is ready to offer his child to God. He resembles a typical Indian saint and the ancient culture of India. The lines about the potter-saint are: †¦.. potter-saint singing hymns, dancing his god, kneaded with his feet the soft red clay, burying alive his youngest child. (38-42) The potter-saint considers his job only to pray to God. Ramanjuan has given a biblical reference here. Moreover the potter-saint resembles biblical character Abraham. His poem â€Å"Fire† also has a certain Indian traditions. It has a paradoxical view on fire. It symbolizes both creation and destruction of fire. The second stanza of the poem â€Å"Fire† portrays the destruction of fire with the lines: Ordinary wood blocks delivered at the door. A box of matches bought at the corner store. And here this supernatural fire that can burn the house down, maybe the whole neighbourhood, (7-10) Here the term the ‘supernatural fire’ makes the readers to think of Indian rituals which can be done with fire. Theme of Hindu Culture: The Indian Hindu culture is a culture of love, respect, honoring others and humbling one's own ego so that the inner nature, which is naturally pure and modest, will shine forth. He has described some of the important Hindu traditions and culture of India. His poem â€Å"Of Mothers, among Other Things† is concentrated on the descriptions of his mother, where there are certain elements of Hindu mythology. In the third stanza her hands are compared with an eagle: a wet eagle’s two black pink-crinkled feet one talon crippled. Here the image of the eagle does not seem to go well with the fleeting, delicate and fragile personality. Though this comparison is unusual, in Hindu mythology the eagle is the vehicle of the Supreme God, Vishnu. The poet associates the eagle with the female figure. There is an indication in this poem that after his father’s death, his mother assumes the role of his father. There is a little bunch of four poems around the Hindu thought. They are â€Å"A Hindoo to his body†, â€Å"The Hindoo: he doesn’t Hurt a Fly or a Spider either†, â€Å"The Hindoo: he reads his Gita and is calm at all events† and â€Å"The Hindoo: the Only Risk†. These are the poems from his first collection The Striders. These titles themselves show his strong faith in Hindu culture. The opening lines of â€Å"The Hindoo to His Body† are: ‘Dear pursuing presence,/ dear body and so on. This is an example of Hindu beliefs regarding body. (Chindhale 70-71) Immigrant writings in his poetry: His poem â€Å"Salamanders† describes the mentality of an immigrant in a foreign country. It seems that the poet deals with this poem his own experience in North America. Salamanders are really legendry creatures. The poet presents the pure image of salamanders to portray the immigrants. In the second stanza of the poem the term ‘we’ refers to the immigrants. The phrase ‘flee in panic’ expresses the status of the immigrants, who are in need to work and who wish to work hard. The poet describes the salamanders in the third stanza through the following lines: Salamanders I’d heard live in fire and drink the flame as we the air: (10-12) Like human beings breath with the help of the air for our survival, salamanders drink the flame and live in fire. The poet calls the salamanders ‘naked earthlings’. He additionally portrays its beauty through the lines : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ poor yet satin to the eye, velvet to the touch. (16,17) Ramanujan opines that immigrants are like salamanders. They are burning inside and eating fire such as tension, anxiety, urge to lead their life in foreign countries. They have flame within their heart for using the prosperity of foreign lands to lead their life. Their sad and pathetic condition of dependence of the foreign lands is explained in the poem â€Å"Salamanders†. Like the lizards waiting for the dragonflies, immigrants are waiting for their ambitions to be fulfilled. It can be viewed further as the waiting for the production of new generation. The new generation refers to the particular generations in which the new born people are going to surprise the foreigners. Here the hopelessness of the poet to have such a wonderful generation is revealed through the lines: only Hollywood aliens who know us only through legends†¦.. (33,34) Thus the poem â€Å"Salamanders† deals with the emotions and feelings of immigrants. Theme on War: His poem â€Å"Salamanders† tells the readers about the war and its worst quality. He tells the readers about the things, which cannot be happened in this world. They are revealed through the lines: yellow shade in yellow shadow, empty hub of the turning wheel, mother and father of farever unborn, obeying edicts written in smoke by war for countries hat never were- (21-25) These lines mean that there cannot be an empty hub in the turning wheel, there cannot be a yellow shade in the yellow shadow and there cannot be father and mother for the unborn child. With these illustrations Ramanujan explains that there cannot be a country where there is a war. His Poetry on Admiring Traditions: â€Å"Foundlings i n the Yukon† of Ramanujan is written carefully for adoring and admiring traditions and old age. This poem shows his great faith in ‘old’. He really respects the old age. Along with the admiration of tradition Ramanujan shows the subordination of modernized and fashionable world. His adoration of tradition is expressed through the lines: ten thousand years after their time, they took root within forty-eight hours and sprouted a candelabra of eight small leaves. (10-15) The explanation of these lines is that the six unbroken grains, which were found by the miners, were picked and planted after ten thousand years of their lifetime. It definitely shows the greatest and superior quality of the ‘old’ and tradition. The poet shows the inferior quality of modern world through the following lines: A modern Alaskan lupine, I’m told, waits three years to come to flower,†¦.. (16-20) The ancient grains start to grow with in two days where as the modern lupine waits to grow for three years. It shows the subordination of the modern period to the ancient time. The poet’s respect for old age is further revealed by the lines: older than the oldest things alive, having skipped a million falls and the registry of tree-rings, suddenly younger by a n accident of flowering(41-46). Nostalgic Experiences in his Poems: Past always hunts Ramanujan. His poetry is the poetry of restored emotions and feelings. Most of his poems are reflecting his memory. His poem â€Å"Obituary† discusses the death of his father and his own sufferings. In the beginning of the poem he has written: Father when he passed on left dust on a table full of paper left debts and daughters, (1-4) These lines express the poet’s mourning for his loneliness. He feels the pain of missing his lovable father in this poem. The following lines too tell the readers about the pathetic condition of her mother and the burden of annual ritual. They are: And he left us a changed mother and more than one annual ritual. 53-56) His poem â€Å"Three Dreams† also has certain elements of nostalgic experiences. It is about the fellowship given to him for doing research. There he thinks about his worst condition of shelter where he belonged at the time of getting that fellowship. It is shown through the lines: Before I knew it I was in a ruined house lit by rains of dust in the light sleeping through the cracks and t he broken windows. (9-13) The poet’s bad condition of the shelter at the time of getting his fellowship is ruminated by the poet in the poem â€Å"Three Dreams†. Family Relationships in his Poetry: Almost all of Ramanujan’s poems are written with his own feelings, emotions and memories. His own family life, his childhood memories, his pleasures, struggles, sufferings, love, etc are mostly the subject matters of his poetry. â€Å"Obituary† which is a poem about his own father and â€Å"Of Mothers, among Other Things†, a poem dedicated to his mother are the best examples for the elements of family relations. His poem â€Å"Relations† deals with the poet’s strong faith in family. He describes the behaviour of the family members through many of his poems. In his â€Å"Of Mothers, among Other Things† he describes his mother. For instance in the beginning of the poem the poem’s lines are: I smell upon this twisted blackbone tree the silk and white petal of my mother’s youth. (1-4) There are many more things revealed in this poem about his mother. His poem â€Å"Small reflections on a Great House† describes the festivals and ceremonies celebrated by the members of the family with the great enthusiasm. The kinship relationship between him and his family members is explained here. The following lines are the evidences: son-in-laws who quite forget their mothers, but stay to check ccounts or teach arithmetic to nieces. Indeed his family members are the characters of most of his poetry. There are plenty of words related to family relationships like ‘father’, ‘mother’, ‘grand parents’, ‘daughter’, ‘wife’, ‘grandson†, etc. they mainly do the functions of decorating ornaments in his poetry. Personal Elements in his P oetry: All of his poems discuss his personal life. He is experimental in his poetic style to give free expression to his feelings and emotions. Personally he is an Indian and does not show any kind of inclination or fascination towards English or the American poetry. Moreover he is not influenced by the modernism of English poetry. He belongs to a traditional Hindu family. He has written many poems related to Hindu mythology and Hindu faith. That projects one of his personal elements. His poem â€Å"Salamanders† is a poem which deals with his own experiences in a foreign country. There are many of his poems, in which he ruminates over his past and his childhood memories. His sufferings, his struggles, his pathos, his burdens, his pleasant memories, etc are expressed throughout his poetry. â€Å"Obituary†, â€Å"Black Hen†, â€Å"Three Dreams†, etc are some of his personal poetry.

Essay on Fidel Castro - 3330 Words

Fidel Castro In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of government in the world since then. Few if any have had the effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one. In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful bloodless coup in Cuba . Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely garnered much support. His reign was marked by continual dissension. After waiting to see if Batista would be seriously opposed, Washington recognized his government. Batista had already broken ties with the Soviet Union and became an ally to the U.S. throughout the cold war.†¦show more content†¦The U.S. government supported Castros coup. It professed to not know about Castros Communist leanings. Perhaps this was due to the ramifications of Senator Joe McCartys discredited anti-Communist diatribes. It seemed as if the reciprocal economic interests of the U.S. and Cuba would exert a stabilizing effect on Cuban politics. Cuba had been economically bound to find a market for its #1 crop, sugar. The U.S. had been buying it at prices much higher than market price. For this it received a guaranteed flow of sugar. (2) Early on however developments clouded the hope for peaceful relations. According to American Ambassador to Cuba, Phillip Bonsal, From the very beginning of his rule Castro and his sycophants bitterly and sweepingly attacked the relations of the United States government with Batista and his regime.(3) He accused us of supplying arms to Batista to help overthrow Castros revolution and of harboring war criminals for a resurgence effort against him. For the most part these were not true: the U.S. put a trade embargo on Batista in 1957 stopping the U.S. shipment of arms to Cuba. (4) However, his last accusation seems to have been prescient. 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He is internationally recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism. Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to massive improvements

The Law on European Construction Projects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2785 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Building Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Assignment 3 the legal principles and requirements used when undertaking construction projects in Europe Project Outline For the purpose of this assignment, the company that I have chosen will be preparing to buy a piece of land in the north of France and build houses upon it. The land already bares a barn and is from a private owner. The processes to buy, plan and develop the project will be described and compared to the system adopted by the UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law on European Construction Projects" essay for you Create order The intension is to sell the property for profit. The limited company is a medium size construction firm expanding its operating range to the north of France due to an irresistible opportunity. Contracts and ownership In France there are two types of contract available to buy real property. They are classified as: Promesse de Vente and Compremis de Vente (french-property.com, 2014)Promesse de Vente is a type of contract, offering the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"option to buyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can only pass through a notaire where as a Compremis de Vente can be used without the overview of a notaire, from party to party. The obvious difference here is the Promesse de Vente has a safer image of protection, being passed through the notaire. Notaires or estate agents often have their own contracts that can be biased to one of the involved parties. The details of the contract are sewn into the clauses of the contracts. The Promesse UnilatÃÆ' ©rale de Vente means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unilate ral promise saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ implying the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dedication to the transfer of the price agreed. 10% deposit is usually taken and mortgages are paid to handle the remaining 90%. Property contracts have a 7 day cool down time after signatures where the offer can be retracted however the sale is final after this 7 day period. Within a contract there should be an adjustment clause stating; the buyer can execute the contract if the seller changes decision, (french-property.com, 2014). If the contract hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t got this clause and the seller changes decision, the buyer may only claim for damages. Most buyers wishing to develop the land chose a Promesse de Vente, which is the similar process to that in the UK. In The UK sales contract documents are transferred through third party who keep them in escrow. The third party, usually solicitors, collect the deposit of 10-15% to hold down and freeze a property. If the contracts are legitimate and both par ties show the 5 basic elements of an agreement: offer, acceptance, consideration, intention, and capacity; a date will be arranged for completion. It is completion day when the money (consideration) is transferred, as are the keys and the deeds. The buyer is advised to register the property with the land registry in order to have the land in their name. This means that the responsibilities and rights to the land are transferred to the new custodian. The reason land registry exists is to find the limits of and quantifies the estate to be registered. The registration outlines the benefits and burdens of the land and assets. In the UK land is fundamentally held subject to the crown however, there are two main types of ownership in the UK: freehold and leasehold. Freehold is the absolute outright ownership of the land and property for an unlimited amount of time. Lease hold is more complicated. It involves a landlord, who has a freehold, leasing the land and/or property to a lesse e. This creates a landlord and tenant situation with an agreed time span, usually ranging from 99 to 1000 years (Price, 2014). This acts as, theoretically, a temporary right to occupy the property. Sometimes, UK property leases will have attached restrictions and entitlements that may not be initially clear. Covenants are effectively special terms within the contract that are respectful of the land/buildings. These terms could become problematic and disputes usually occur. The main disputes are over what the tenant actually repairs and the severity of the repairs that are needed. Any disputes are usually referred to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. A property owner doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to give a tenant full rights, a licence to the land can be issued. These rights to the land would be less of that to a full tenure and can be revoked at any time for any reason. Property may also come with Easements attached that can allow the occupier to use the land for a particular reason, including business, or restrict another land owner the right to something. These include; a right of way, a right to a mineral or element and even the right to light. Easements are classified by the Ellenborough Park 1954 case as 4 features, to have a dominant and servient party, to be benefitting the dominant party and to be similar to existing easements. Otherwise a dispute may occur which could be resolved by referring to the Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1966. For this project however a company would be buying the land with intent to develop. A company in France would create a SCI (SociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © Civile ImmobiliÃÆ' ¨re), a satellite company, that would be fiscally transparent and this facilitates a stable ownership and transfer of the property. It acts in a similar way to a limited company and offers the same amount of protection. Operating a SCI also avoids inheritance laws, gives minor tax advantages and protects personal assets against cr editors. So the obvious advantage of this is fiscal, however rights and responsibilities are limited to that of a company and personal responsibility in minimised. (french-property.com/companyownership, 2014) Planning of projects France: When planning a project in France a regulation body that must be referred to is the Les dispositions impÃÆ' ©ratives du rÃÆ' ¨glement national dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢urbanisme (RNU) which translates as the National development regulations. These govern any developments to the property. Initially the Mayor (Marie) of the local area council will have to be notified and with full discretion may give the nod of approval, a formal submission to the RNU will be written. Formal planning consent will be needed if Change of use, habitable space (1.8m or more in height) and changes to the faÃÆ' §ade of a property. The restrictions in planning that are EU influenced are more legislation based, as with UK panning restrictions to disruption, structural tolerances, material choice and demolition All of which are Governed by the EU through standards. In only October 2012, UK transferred all British standards and approved practices to European Standards and practices. Most EU planning systems are similar with a local council decision followed by an assessment of national statutory obligations and requirements. The national requirements will be mostly similar as they are governed by the EU policies on housing such as the Thematic Strategy on the Urban Envirnonment. UK: The main reason the UK uses the Town and Country planning act 1990 is to monitor developments and evolution of land. Section 55 underlines this perfectly as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The carrying out of engineering mining building or other operations in, on or over the land, or the making of any material changes in the use of any building or other landà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Galbraith, 6th Edition 2011). When a design has been finalised it is presented to the local council plan ning institution and a decision is received within 8 weeks, 13 weeks for a large scale projects (due to the detail). The planning framework is laid out as stated in the Planning Act 2008 and decisions are made with Neighbourhood interest, material choice and the support and promotion of EU obligations and statutory requirements (DPLG, 2012). The public, by law, have to be notified of the plans and are not encouraged to scrutinise but to comment. There are 4 possible decisions that planning control can make: Unconditional permission of approval, conditional permission, Refusal of permission, refusal to take action. The most common are approval or refusal of permission. As the Company in question would be buying an empty plot with one small barn/shed with all building works to be done in the future, a long and strenuous planning process will inherently occur. The Marie will be consulted and proof of contributions must be shown to explain why a development would be beneficial to the area. This project would be restricted by the Local Councils discretionary decision and further more the nation legislation, with EU Influences and requirements such as materials, human rights living spaces and conditions, environmental policies etc. In the Design stages of the project, an architect will be consulted. Qualified architects in France are members of the là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ordres de Architectes, which is an organisation similar to that of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). This is obligatory if the Building is above 170m ² (Architects in France, 2014). It is common procedure to write a standard contract between the Owner and architect, this called a contrat maÃÆ' ®tre dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢oeuvreorcontrat dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢architecte. The Architects in France, to be a member of the là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ordres de Architectes, will have professional indemnity insurance and their work is guaranteed for 10 years against major p roblems, this is called an assurance dÃÆ' ©cennal. If the planning of the project is refused on an architectural issue then the Architect is not legally entitled to be paid. Construction France The Parties involved in a French construction project are generally; Contractors that govern the general construction works and procedures. Architects are the fundamental designers and the customer contact reference for the project. On larger scale projects, health and safety co-ordinators (coordonnateur de sÃÆ' ©curitÃÆ' © et de protection de la santÃÆ' ©) are present to control risks of the project. And the owner (maÃÆ' ®tre douvrage) who develops the property. An owner may wish to enter an agreement or contract with a developer called a contrat de promotion immobiliÃÆ' ¨re that defines a final price and programme for the project. The owner may then wish to give the contract under a competitive basis to a contractor; this is a traditional method of contracting. An alternative is a design and Build contract, the contractor undertakes the overall architectural and construction works and has full liability for the project, as opposed to the traditional method where part liability is retained by the contractor. If the project is substantially sized then a form of temporary commercial organisation can be formed called a groupement momentanÃÆ' © dentreprises, which is made of two types of company relationship; a groupment solidaire that shares the liability between all contractors, and a sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © en participation that is an unregistered company thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s set up by a share holders agreement. Financial inves tors of the project also hold rights to step in to control the project if momentum is lost or contractors do not fulfil their obligations. If a contractor doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fulfil their obligations then a breach in the contract will occur unless liability exclusion clauses in the contract, that relieve liability, have been included. Some obligations that cannot be included arefound in the Articles 1792 and Code Civil), which require three statutory guarantees to be provided by the contractor for events occurring after delivery: garantie de parfait achÃÆ' ¨vement: this imposes an obligation on the contractor to make good any defect notified to him by the owner at the time of delivery or within one year of the date of delivery, whatever the nature or extent of the defect; garantie de bon fonctionnement: this two-year guarantee affects all equipment that does not form part of the structure of the building but which could be considered movable, for example, ventilation or heating equipment. The contractor guarantees these elements are viable and do not impair the constructions main use; responsabilitÃÆ' © dÃÆ' ©cennale: all contractors are strictly liable to the owner or buyer for ten years after delivery, for any defect hidden at the time of delivery that either compromises the integrity of the construction or renders it unfit for use. (Bonnard, 2014) In France, EU member workers are permitted to work and follow standard employment procedure where as workers from other nations will have to apply for a temporary residency permit to work , a carte de sÃÆ' ©jour temporaire. Health and safety for French projects are controlled with European Economic Community regulations, the Directive 89/391/EEC implements the safety and health at work for construction employees. UK In the UK, construction projects can be governed and controlled by Construction Design Management regulations 2007 (CDM). CDM regs 2007 are generally implemented for Health and safety reasons however it is a reasonable procedure to follow. The client of the project should: Check competence and resources of all appointees Ensure there are suitable management arrangements for the project welfare facilities Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages Provide pre-construction information to designers and contractors When a Contractor is chosen, a common form of two-way construction contract is chosen, there are many available and take a standard form structure. A common form is the JCT or Joint Contracts Tribunal. Specifically designed for the construction industry, it is a proven contractual way to identify responsibilities and liabilities. The design and build JCT contracts are useful as they provide a client to contractor agreement and a contractor to sub-contractor agreement. The contractors are responsible for the design and construction works and the client is responsible for laying out all requirements for a project. Alternatively contractors may often have the Architect work directly for the client, rather than sub-contracting them. All communications between the contractors and Architects can be uninterrupted by clients, however due to the payment method the contractor hands all design liability for the project to the architect. Project The French Project could involve the bu ilding of social housing or a public commercial (schools, etc), both of which may involve council or pubic partnerships, with the private company. These partnerships are called Public Private Partnerships, or PPPs. The 3 main forms the PPP may take are; Traditional contractors arrangements where contracts are honoured and handed over Long term administrative leases, between contractors and councils to occupy for a limited time Social or government run contract partnership where the maintenance and repair work is managed by a public sector organisation. (Bonnard, 2014) For this project, a traditional contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agreement is appropriate. Architects, health and safety co-ordinators and a developer would be hired. This is a good idea as a design and build contract would be agreed upon, handing all liability of the project to the developer for the oncoming works. The developer would have to be a member of the FÃÆ' ©dÃÆ' ©ration FranÃÆ' §aise du BÃÆ' ¢timent (FFB) translated as French Building Federation. This organisation works closely with the European Construction Industry Federation. Completion France When a project has been completed, the Contractor has 30 days to submit a project completion form (DÃÆ' ©claration attestant lachÃÆ' ¨vement et la conformitÃÆ' © des travaux). The form is entered to the local council, usually with the Architects signature and reflects the building works and design that were present in the approved planning application. Any changes that have occurred must be authorised befo re the completion form is handed in. The local authorities can intrude and assess the building works at any time through the project and after completion, the authorities can inspect the project for its conformity to the original plan. Without the completion declaration form, the client can be fined or the building can be returned to its original state if it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t conform to the original planning documents. This puts the client under pressure to receive the completion declaration form from the contractor as soon as possible. UK In the UK practical completion is a fundamental stage for the contractor, this relieves immediate responsibility for the project. There are usually clauses in the initial contract that state that defects and repairs must be remedied until a certain time after the project. The client then usually takes over the works and responsibilities of the works, defects liability period begins and the responsibilities of damage are now passed to the client. The Jarvis and Sons v Westminster corp case states that Practical completion is finishing of all construction works to be done. project Works Cited Architects in France. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from French-property.com: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/building/new-build/architect/contracts/ Bonnard, S. (2014). Construction in France. Retrieved 2014, from Uk Practical law: https://uk.practicallaw.com/8-502-1461?service=construction# DPLG. (2012). National planning policy framework. London: Department of Planning and Local Governments. french-property.com. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from Sale and purchase contract of property in france: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/purchase-real-estate/legal/agreement/ french-property.com/companyownership. (2014). Retrieved 2014, from French property Company ownership: https://www.french-property.com/guides/france/purchase-real-estate/legal/company/ Galbraith, A. (6th Edition 2011). Building and Land Management for Law. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. Price, M. (2014). Whats the difference between leashold and freehold. Retrieved 2014, from mypropertyguide.co. uk: https://www.mypropertyguide.co.uk/articles/display/10106/what-is-the-difference-between-leasehold-and-freehold.htm

Police Management Methods Essay - 660 Words

Traditional methods of police management emerged from two sources: a militaristic view of policing, and management. In this model the chain of command has strict supervision, tight control, limited officer discretion, and thick bureaucratic regulations. Traditional policing enforces laws to the public as well as to working with the community. It focuses on rapid response times to crime as the way to measure police success. Identifying, apprehending, and prosecuting criminals is the focus and seems logical. The thought held that evidence at the crime scene would lead to an arrest. A major component to this model is local control. Scientific management has a focus on efficiently, orderliness, and output. This is considered the â€Å"machine†¦show more content†¦There are two major principles within this model. The first one states that the manager is allowed to set a limit within what group makes certain decisions. The second one states that the manager and the group both are allowed to make certain decisions within a certain limit defined by organizational constraints (Proactive Police Management, 1985). The group will view the police manager as he or she is equal to the manager. In the behavioral and systems managerial model, these two have the most effective impact. Systems management requires a holistic approach to organizational leadership, which involves not only management of personnel, but also of organizational knowledge. A systems approach to management recognizes the complexity of modern organizational processes. In this perspective, organizations function based on the information and data that employees can access. A successful agency must properly manage all of these elements. Features of systems management include specialization within components of a larger system and coordination among different components. In the behavioral model there are three main components. 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Disruptive Innovation Free Essays

1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on Disruptive Innovation using Clayton Christensen’s framework. Apart from this, this assignment also tells how the companies should react to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Innovation There is no specific definition for innovation as such. But, according to me, innovation is creating something new or changing the old to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increasing customer demands. This is achieved either by introducing new products, new ideas, and processes or just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating and creating new products and services has become very important topic of concern for all the organizations in today’s rapidly changing world. If you are not innovative, you may never know when your products become obsolete. 1. 2 Types of Innovation There are three main types of Innovations: Sustaining innovation: This type of innovation needs to be developed to ensure that the customers are satisfied with the products and services and to stay in the game. For example upgrading the processor from dual core to Intel core i3 to i5 and enhancing the performance of computers. Breakthrough Innovations: These innovations upgrade the level of existing category of products or services. For example I phone was a breakthrough innovation in the world of mobile market. It changed the perspective of the customers and eventually other companies started following the trend. Disruptive Innovation: In this type of innovation a new product or a sevice is introduced that creates a new market or massively alters an old one so that old players cannot compete. They are called disruptive because they disrupt the current behavior of the market. For example Introduction of computers was a disruptive innovation for companies who manufactured typewriters. According to Clayton Christensen Disruptive innovation offers lower performance initially as per the current market demand. But, at the same time it provides some new attributes which prosper in some different market. After conquering different markets, it eventually displaces the former market. Here we will talk about the hydrogen fuel Cell vehicle a disruptive innovation. How the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will disrupt the market for oil industry, current internal combustion engine manufacturers and many others. At the same time we shall talk about how the companies are responding to this upcoming technology and how are they coping up with the new technology. Before going into the statistic part let us know in brief how the hydrogen fuel cell works, how it is different from internal combustion engine and what the benefits of hydrogen fuel cell are. 2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell a disruptive Innovation A fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It uses hydrogen and oxygen from air to produce electricity. Since no combustion is involved, it does not emit harmful gases and the efficiency of such device is much higher than an internal combustion engine. Apart from this it does not involve any moving part hence making it more silent and reliable source of energy. 2. 1 Working Hydrogen fuel cell consists of two catalysts anode and cathode, and an electrolyte. Hydrogen is fed to anode and oxygen from air is fed to cathode. At anode, catalyst causes hydrogen to split into positively charged ions protons and negatively charged ions electrons. The electrolyte, that is polymer electrolyte membrane allows only positive ion to flow through it. So the protons pass through membrane towards cathode and electrons pass through the external circuit towards the cathode. The flow of electron from the external circuit causes the current and eventually it goes to cathode and combines with positive ion and oxygen to emit water or water vapor. Hydrogen is is a fuel of great potential. Thought it is not an energy source, but it is an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be manufactured using renewable energy resources such as wind, solar etc. the research is still on on how to produce hydrogen on a larger scale. Following Figure show the working of a hydrogen Fuel Cell. Figure 1: Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 2. 2 Benefits of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Following are the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell Zero green house gas Emissions: As water is the byproduct of the fuel cell, the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur monoxide, etc is not there. Hence, it is a zero emission product. Though some amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but research is on to manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution: As there are no harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution will be reduced considerably. Improved efficiency: Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A conventional combustion egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and has the potential to reach 85%. Other Benefits: the transportation will be oil independent, since there are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2. 3 Applications Fuel cells have wide range of applications. Following are the applications of a fuel cell: Transportation system: currently oil industry and internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping environment and diminishing resources of fuel in mind it is predicted that by 2025 – 2030, hydrogen fuel cell will dominate the transportation sector. Power Generation: Fuel cell can also be used to generate power. It can be stationary power or a portable power. 2. 4 Challenges Following are the challenges that a fuel cell faces today: Cost: Cost of a fuel cell is a major concern right now. Due to expensive materials like platinum is used as a catalyst, the cost of fuel cell shoots up. but the research is on and it is most likely that the cost of a fuel cell will come down to $30 – $50/KW for transportation and $1500/KW for stationery power. Storage: Storage of hydrogen is again another concern especially for the transportation system since it has very low density in terms of volume. Research in this area is also going on to store the hydrogen fuel at high pressure. Infrastructure: Again to develop infrastructure for hydrogen is a big challenge cost wise. To develop infrastructure a collaboration will be required between automotive and energy companies. Other challenges include the safety issues to carry hydrogen, Durability of the fuel cell and public acceptance. But research I going on in all the areas and there will definitely be a solution to all the challenges. 3 Clayton Christensen’s Theory of disruptive technology Christensen developed a framework that could be applied to any market at any point of time so long as the attributes to be measured qualify for the characteristics presented in his framework. According to Christensen, companies fail because of the following reasons: Companies depend on customers and investors for resources: if the company doesn’t satisfy the customers or the shareholders, it will be difficult for the company to survive Small market cannot provide the growth needed by large companies: Large companies concentrate their efforts where the returns are high and often concentrate where the cost of sales is high. Technology supply exceeds the demand: Rapidly developing technology may often outpace the customer’s needs. When such thing happens opportunity for new entrants develop to enter into the market and come with a new product. Companies with best technology tend to improve the existing product often incrementally. And while focusing on the top end customers, a lower end market remains unserved until a new entrant comes with a potentially disruptive technology. And eventually new market begins to grow. And once this new market starts gaining the footage, it causes the existing technology to become obsolete. Following graph will help us understand Christensens framework more clearly. Figure 2: Clayton Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology The market is always divided into tiers the higher end market that represents the main customers who buy the product and the lower end market represents the customers who are least to buy the products. And performance is the main criteria by which customers buy the product. Sustaining innovation: As explained earlier, it could be incremental or radical that improves product performance for the main customers. The focus is mainly on improving the performance of the existing products and satisfying the main customers. Disruptive Innovation: It enters in the lower tier of the market with lower cost and attractive value for the lower market customers. Following are the charecteristics of a disruptive technology. * Offers low performance * Targets small market * It is tied with uncertainties * It introduces a new performance criteria in a new dimension * Generally non market leaders introduce such new products in a lower tier market with attributes to benefit lower end market. Moving back to the graph on Christensen’s framework for disruptive innovation, disruptive technology with an innovation enters at point ‘a’ with a lower rate for lower end market. At the same time market leaders are improvising their product using sustaining technologies and satisfying the mainline customers. And when the sustaining technology reaches point ‘b’, it is the peak time for the sustaining technology and after that the market gets saturated. This is the time when the market leaders need to innovate something new and create the new market. After point ‘b’, supply crosses demand. On the other hand, disruptive innovation enters at point ‘a’ satisfies the lower end customers and after improvising it reaches point ‘c’ the main stream customers. At point ‘c’ now, it is very late for sustaining technology to develop a new product for the main stream customers. Here it is very important to distinguish between different types of innovation. Incremental innovation occurs when small improvements are made to products/services. These, basically strengthens the market position of the firm and entrenches the industry. Radical Innovation occurs when major improvements are made to the products/services. These changes require new marketing channels and often put other firms out of competition and at the same time make old technologies obsolete. Transformational innovation occurs when the innovation is of such a nature that it destroys whole industry and changes the nature of the market. So if we have to summarize Christensen’s framework it would be, as the sustaining technology improves along the mainstream customer, disruptive technology enters at the lower end market, improvises along the existing dimensions and enters the main stream market. It eventually changes the basis of the competition from functionality to reliability and from reliability to convenience and eventually to price. Now, let’s apply this Christensen’s framework to today’s automotive world that is internal combustion engine as the sustaining technology and the hydrogen fuel cell as the disruptive technology. 3. 1 Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology with the Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology Let us compare the performance of fuel economy and green house gas emissions of internal combustion engine and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. From the graph, we can agree that internal combustion engine is a sustaining technology incrementally improving its performance. Initially let’s say in 1980’s the fuel economy of a vehicle was around 4-6 km/l of gasoline and now it is around 12-15 km/l. green house gas emissions have also reduced by introducing hybrid option. But it is predicted that internal combustion engine will reach the point ‘b’ somewhere by 2015. That is it will reach the saturation level of innovation. Further development in internal combustion engine will result in more of supply than demand. This is the time when people will anticipate the change, and the change of disruptive technology in our case it is hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Initially it keeps emerging and improves the performance in new dimension and tries to attract the main market stream. During the time emergence hydrogen fuel cell through experimentation seeks commercialization. And it is predicted by 2020 it will seek commercialization. Meanwhile, the internal combustion engine will steadily grow beyond the customer demand and will start losing its hold in the main market. In 2020, at point ‘c’, the market is ready to accept high performance vehicle, in terms of fuel economy. And beyond this point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle keeps on improving rapidly. This will eventually bring the phase out of an internal combustion engine and forcing it out of the market by 2030 – 2040 completely and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle becoming the base technology. Beyond this it will improve incrementally until the new disruptive comes and phase out the hydrogen fuel cell technology. Green House Gas Emission Global warming is one of the prime reasons fro shifting the paradigm from internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Following graph shows the global warming potential of gasoline, flex fuels and hydrogen fuel cell in various stages from manufacturing to the end of life of a vehicle. Figure 3: Global Warming potential comparison of 3 different types of Engine. It is clear from the graph global warming potential that is emission of harmful gases from a fuel cell vehicle is less than a gasoline and the flex fuel vehicle. From the graph, it is seen that only while production for the fuel of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the emission of harmful gases is high, but it is very less compared to the gasoline and flex fuels. Apart from that, research is also going on for producing hydrogen using renewably resources such as wind, solar and nuclear. 3. 2 Conclusion It is evident that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a disruptive technology and will cause a phase out for the internal combustion engine. But when we compare it to the Christensen’s framework, it slightly contradicts. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in literal sense are not targeting the lower market initially. The cost of the product is not low. But all other parameters remain the same. It is focusing on the new dimension and at the same time it is threat to the internal combustion engine world. Apart from this slight difference, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is definitely a disruptive innovation, and will definitely lead to transformation of technologies and will change the basis of competition from fuel economy to green house gas reductions with the environmental pressure. 4 Current Scenario If we talk about hydrogen fuel cell in today’s world, it is still an emerging technology which looks solid and promising in terms of fuel economy and reduction in green house gas emission. Research in this particular area is going on all around the world since the global warming level is increasing and the environmental pressure is acting on all the governments. In this scenario, the companies who are already into research in this area will survive and the companies that are still not doing any kind of research or innovation and still trying to improve the sustaining technology might just phase out of the competition. Further we will see cases and findings of various companies in this area including oil industry, automotive industry and the industries related to this huge sector of industries. 4. 1 Oil Industry: Today, the energy sector is run majorly by oil industry. And majorly oil after refining is consumed by transportation industry. Around 90%of the oil is consumed by the transportation industry, and out of that around 50% of the industry consumes gasoline and the rest is diesel, LPG, Naphtha etc. Major players in this oil industry today are Saudi aramco, shell, BP, Exxon Mobil and chevron. Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)is the major producer of the oil today and has the maximum exports all over the world, then it is followed by other companies. Apart from green house gas emissions and environmental pressure, the increasing rate of oil so frequently gives us an idea that even the oil reserves are diminishing day by day. Now increasing research and development in this area poses threat on oil industry as well. Even the oil industries have started doing research in this area. Basically these companies are doing research on how to produce hydrogen using the existing technologies in large scale. Following are some of the findings of the oil companies in this area. 4. 1. 1 Saudi Aramco (Source: http://www. keei. re. kr/keei/download/seminar/101117/II101118_b02. pdf, www. saudiaramco. com, www. mbifoundation. com/media/18961/final%20bpr. pdf) Following are some of the conclusion made by research and development department of Saudi Aramco. : * H2 production using existing petroleum infrastructure will be a potential economical option compared to other technologies. * Need to integrate the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies along with hydrogen production for efficient carbon management. Alternate hydrogen production technologies, such as electrolysis and renewable sources, have significant technical and economical challenges (energy intensive and high capital). * Significant progress made in the demonstration of liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Apart from this, Saudi Aramco has also filed a patent in US office for the naphtha based fuels which can also be used for veh icular purpose. 4. 1. 2 Shell ( Source: http://www. shell. com/home/content/environment_society/environment/climate_change/biofuels_alternative_energies_transport/hydrogen/, http://articles. atimes. com and http://www. thelivingmoon. com/41pegasus/02files/Alternate_Fuel_Shell_Oil_Hydrogen. html) Shell had started its research on this topic since 1999 and had anticipated the change in the world of automotive industry and power sector long back. Shell has joined hands with the leading car making companies and power companies and working on this project. Shell is already working in collaboration with Siemens, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler and has reached a long way in this area. It has also opened various hydrogen fuel stations in United States of America, Europe and Asia. And it is offering free fillips at various fueling station just to promote the upcoming technology. Following picture is one of the fueling station in United States of America where hydrogen fueling is provided. Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel Station by Shell 4. 1. 3 BP: (Source: http://www. bp. com) Like Shell, BP is also one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. As one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. Apart from this BP has joined hands with the leading companies like Daimler Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Solarex and working on various projects like fuel efficiency, CO2 management, Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Apart from the companies all these companies also join their hands with various Universities who help the in doing their research. 4. 1. 4 Exxon Mobil: (Source: http://www. exxonmobil. com, http://www. dutchdailynews. com/air-products-and-exxonmobil-start-up-new-world-scale-hydrogen-production-plant-in-rotterdam/) Exxon Mobil again is not left ehind in the research of hydrogen fuel cell and the production of hydrogen on a large scale. Following are some of the research that Exxon Mobil is working on * It is conducting breakthrough research on Hydrogen Production Technology * It is also trying to improve its existing technology at the same time by continuously improving the efficiency of internal combustion engine and reducing the emission of harmful gases. * On 10th F eb 2012 Air products and Exxon Mobil started a large scale Hydrogen Production Plant in Rotterdam. Apart from this, ExxonMobil is also developing an innovative on-board hydrogen-powered fuel cell system that converts conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel into hydrogen for a fuel cell right under a vehicle’s hood. Apart from this there are various other small industries that are into this hydrogen fuel cell research for example Reliance from India is also doing its bit in this area. 4. 2 Automotive Industry We have seen the response and reaction of oil Industry so far, Now let us see the response of automotive industry worldwide. We shall go country wise in this case to know the response of various industries and development in various countries in this specific area. 4. 2. 1 United States Of America: United States of America is spending millions of dollars every year in the research of hydrogen fuel Cell. They have demonstrations with many private companies. Daimler Chrysler Company developed its first fuel cell truck in 2000. The main aim of USA is to make Fuel Cell Vehicle available at an affordable cost. General Motors: General motors one of the oldest companies of USA is planning to get 1000 fuel cell vehicles on road by 2013-2015. Ford Motor Company: Ford is also planning to launch its commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2015. 4. 2. 2 Japan: One can say Japan is the very first to start the research in this area and it is since 1981. It was in Japan in Tokyo electric Company, Toshiba and an American based company fuel cell company manufactured and installed an 11 MW power plant (Source: www. platinummetalsreview. com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-010-012. pdf). Apart from this the major Japanese automotive companies look promising in terms of Hydrogen uel cell vehicle compared to other companies in the world. Toyota: Toyota has promised in its recent Autocar show that it will start selling the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in USA specifically in California, since by 2015 it is predicted that there will be 68 hydrogen fueling stations in California. (Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Honda: CEO Takanobu Ito just annou nced that Honda will launch a new fuel-cell electric car in the U. S. and Europe starting in 2015. It will â€Å"showcase further technological advancement and significant cost reduction. † Honda has already been letting consumers test its fleet of FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell cars for a couple of years (Source: http://www. firstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) Nissan: Nissan has also announced its interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and has declared that it is ready to mass produce hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2015 (Source: http://www. irstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) 4. 2. 3 Europe: Europe is not left behind in this research. All the major brands BMW, Mercedes Volkswagen etc have shown interest in hydrogen fuel cell, but at the same time have said hydrogen fuel cell will take at least 10 more years to commercialize. 4. 2. 4 India: India is the place where we can say Christensen’s framework is applicable perfectly. He re the auto rickshaw for the lower end market has been made using hydrogen fuel cell. t was displayed at pragati maidan in January 2012 and is expected to hit the road by 2015. Source: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/10/02/business/energy-environment/hydrogen-fuels-autorickshaws-and-dreams-of-cleaner-air. html? pagewanted=all_r=0) Apart from this biggies like TATA Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra have shown interest in this area. Tata Motors have manufactured the bus based on hydrogen fuel cell technology known as starbus. Following figure shows the Auto Rickshaw and the Hydrogen fuel cell Bus Figure 5: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in india Following are some of the comments from various high profile executives from various companies: * Executives from Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen see fuel-cell vehicles as being further out, and most have not said when they’ll have vehicles on the market. * â€Å"We don’t see it as early as Toyota does,† said Oliver Schmidt, general manager of engineering with the VW Group. â€Å"We see it in the 2020 time frame. * Joe Bakaj, Ford vice president of powertrain engineering, said, â€Å"The question is when (will) fuel-cell vehicles become affordable to customers,† specifically when the fuel-cell stack competes with the battery pack on cost. * â€Å"Within 10 years, I think they will be as affordable as full battery vehicles, and the fuel cell will have a big advantage in range,† Bakaj said. â€Å"We think it will happen in the next 10 years. † * Gary Smyth, GM executive director work ing on global research and development, said he sees little commitment in the U. S. to the necessary infrastructure by 2015. Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Part from all this various other countries and companies have shown immense amount of interest in hydrogen fuel cell Recently Korea and Korean company Hyundai has also announced an hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch by 2015. So the major companies all around the world and the allied companies are responding really well to the upcoming technology of hydrogen fuel cell and all of them are doing their bit to save the environment. 5 Conclusion: It is very clear from the above assignment that hydrogen fuel cell is the future of the world. It is definitely one of the biggest disruptive technologies of all time. Biggest because, once the technology is commercialized, many big players all around the world will have to change their base of technology. Technology innovation and upcoming technologies are posing threat on the current industry and are eventually forcing companies out of business. New technologies are exerting power to shape the market and change the basis of the competition. Hence, it is important for the companies to continuously assess the technologies and capabilities. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Essay examples Disruptive Innovation Free Essays In order to remain afloat in this ever changing market, companies must have a sound proof strategy. According to Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland, a company’s strategy is its action plan for outperforming its competitors and achieving superior profitability. (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland p. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4) One well known strategy or theory of many companies is a term called disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen. It explains the process of a product or service preliminary application initiating from the bottom of the market that replaces an already established product or service. This theory has created a significant impact on management practices in all types of industries. It has created debates of how â€Å"executives and managers are in need of research that will elevate the pursuit of successful innovations from a gut-level, intuition-driven art to something more closely resembling a science based on repeatable processes with predictable results.† (Raynor, p. 27) In doing so, it has also created a sense of conflict between entrants, incumbents and disrupters to see which organization will remain the top supplier. Innovation is always on the top mind for all CEOs. Understanding how to identify disruptive innovations before they become mainstream and take advantage of the ‘†white space† is a skill to cultivate. Disruptive Innovation patterns are always changing and sometimes are very difficult to see because of it’s rapid growth. Similarities; Raynor: Disruption theory can be used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions. As of now the disruption theory of innovation is the only one with evidence to support the assertion that it can improve predictive accuracy. 1. Used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions 2. a particular perspective on innovation – is based on its superior explanatory and predictive power 3. entrants attacked successful incumbents by adopting the incumbents’ models and technological solutions – what he called a â€Å"sustaining† strategy-they tended to fail. However, driven by their desire to grow, the upstart entrants were strongly motivated to improve their initial offerings in ways that would allow them to compete effectively for the larger, more lucrative mainstream markets. This was the entrants’ â€Å"upmarket march,† and entrants that marched upmarket successfully eventually captured the customers that had been the incumbents’ mainstay. Differences: Whatever ambiguities might remain in making the relevant categorizations (incumbent vs. entrant; sustaining vs. disruptive) the data reveal that overall; disruption theory makes better prediction possible. In contrast, entrants tended to succeed by combining a business model tailored to the needs of a relatively less attractive market – the entrants’ foothold – with an ability to improve their original solutions in ways that allowed them to provide superior performance that incumbents were unable to replicate – the upmarket march In contrast, I make a more limited and modest claim: disruption theory can deliver statistically significant and practically material improvement in the ability to innovate successfully. Christensen and Overdorf 1. ? Difference – Managers lack thinking about their organizations capapbilities as they think about individual peoples capabilities. Pg 68 2. Our research suggests that three factors affect what an organization can and cannot do; its resources, its processes and its values pg 68 3. Differences;or similarities . As companies become large, they lose the ability to enter small emerging markets. Cause by an evolution of values. Pg 70 4. Disruptive innovation can create an entirely new market through the introduction of a new kind of product or service, one that is actually worst. Pg 72 5. Differences: Sustaining innovation are nearly always developed and introduced by established industry leaders. But do not cope well with disruptive innovations. Pg 72 6. Similarity: DI occurs so intermittently that no company has a routine process for handling them. Inconsistent with the company’s value. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Papers